sperm is particularly susceptible to reactive oxygen species (ros) during critical phases of spermiogenesis. however, the level of seminal ros is restricted by seminal antioxidants which have beneficial effects on sperm parameters and developmental potentials. mitochondria and sperm plasma membrane are two major sites of ros generation in sperm cells. besides, leukocytes including polymer phonu...

evidence acquisition this article aims at offering clinicians a brief update on the recent epidemiology of respiratory infections in pediatrics. it also underlines the fact that any evidence-based recommendation needs more research in different areas. context respiratory tract infections are the main cause of children’s morbidity and mortality both in the developing and the developed countries....

Psychological or psychosocial stress has been emerging as one of the key factors associated with cancer initiation, growth, and metastasis. Accumulating data, however, has mainly focused on cancer progression due to the inconsistent results of cancer etiology caused by emotional stress. Depression is closely linked to stress and induces hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation as we...

The last two decades have seen exciting advances in understanding the human genome, aided by the development of powerful analytical laboratory tools. These advances have enabled genome-wide association studies to link specific genetic variants with an altered risk of cancer. Unfortunately there has not been an analogous refinement of tools on such a comprehensive scale to permit an equally thor...

Telomeres are the protective structure at both ends of each chromoThe decelerating age-adjusted LTL attrition in cancer cases as they some. Telomere length is widely considered a marker of biological aging. For convenience, telomere lengths in human population studies have been predominately measured in peripheral blood leukocytes. Although leukocyte telomere length (LTL) is generally inversely...

A role for alcohol consumption in lung cancer etiology has been suggested in some studies, but this possible relationship has been often regarded with skepticism, with any indication of an association being attributed to confounding by cigarette smoking. The purpose of this work was to review the epidemiological evidence for an association of alcohol and lung cancer and to identify gaps in that...

The development of breast cancer is promoted by diverse factors that impact on intracellular signaling to promote proliferation and cell survival. The role of eicosanoid signaling through prostaglandin release and the up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is established, however, the impact of phospholipase A (PLA) activity and over-expression is less certain. Here we review current literat...

Host immune responses are known determinants of gastric cancer susceptibility. We previously reported an increased gastric cancer risk associated with common variants of several T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokine genes in a population-based case-control study in Warsaw, Poland. In the present study, we augmented our investigation to include additional Th1 genes as well as key genes in the Th2 and T...

Lymph node enlargement is a common finding on routine physical examination of children. The dilemma facing general practitioners is when to refer to paediatricians; the dilemma for paediatricians is deciding how extensively to investigate children. While the majority of cases will have a benign, rapidly resolving course, the well recognised associations of lymphadenopathy and potentially life t...