The two factors defining male reproductive success in plants are pollen quantity and quality, but our knowledge about the importance of pollen quality is limited due to methodological constraints. Pollen quality in terms of chemical composition may be either genetically fixed for high performance independent of environmental conditions, or it may be plastic to maximize reproductive output under...

Before 1970s, IO predominantly follows the paradigm of “structure-conduct-performance”, or often called the Harvard tradition, after Professor Joe Bain. The basic idea is that market structure determines how ...rms behave, which in turn determines the performance of the market. The research methodology is mainly empirical: running regressions on variables of market structures to see their e¤ect...

In a well known scene in Tom Sawyer, Tom and Huck watch while Injun Joe and two associates, one of them a doctor, open a grave in the cemetery at midnight to steal a recently buried body. The purpose of the theft was to use the body for anatomical teaching. This scene was based on life. Throughout the English-speaking world in the nineteenth century, grave-robbers stole newly buried corpses to ...

ions. The choice of an precise topic for investigation, therefore, is an important part of the preparation for fieldwork. One should, at the very least, know if one is interested in, say, resource management or child-raising before embarking on fieldwork. Otherwise one will end up knowing too little about everything rather than knowing enough about something. Godfrey Lienhardt (1985), borrowing...