economic sanctions appear to be a common feature of political interactions between states. economic sanctions have become increasingly important as alternative to military conflict since the last decade of twentieth century. this paper provides, through a gravity model, an estimation of the impact of economic sanctions on bilateral trade flows between iran and its major trading partners during ...

Preface Except II is a system that supports several kinds of reasoning ranging from basic deduction and abduction to high-level forms such as diagnosis, connguration, and induction. Its main and characteristic feature that enables this is default reasoning. Default reasoning is an attempt to handle defeasible inferences properly and to provide qualitative, argument-based methods for deciding be...

OBJECTIVES To demonstrate why the 'nil per os except medications' order is contraindicated prior to dysphagia testing and to recommend ways to prevent aspiration of medications in the dysphagic population. METHODS A 71-year-old male deemed at-risk for aspiration due to coughing when drinking thin liquids was made nil per os except medications and referred for dysphagia testing. Swallowing was...

Autopsy/cadaver data indicate that many organs and tissues are smaller in the elderly compared with young adults; however, in vivo data are lacking. The aim of this study was to determine whether the mass of specific high-metabolic-rate organs is different with increasing age, using MRI. Seventy-five healthy women (41 African-Americans and 34 Caucasians, age range 19-88 yr) and 36 men (8 Africa...