Non-tariff measures are pervasive. In the area of merchandise trade, although tariffs have fallen worldwide, there has been no shortage of bureaucratic imagination in conceiving new non-tariff measures, or in turning existing regulatory instruments to protectionist ends. In the area of services trade, there is also a growing realisation that domestic regulatory regimes designed to address legit...

a r t i c l e i n f o We measure the effects of trade liberalization over the period of 1993–2002 on regional poverty levels in 259 Indonesian districts, and investigate the labor market mechanisms behind these effects. The identification strategy relies on combining information on initial regional labor and product market structure with the exogenous tariff reduction schedule over four three-y...

Flat rate regime is held responsible for this state of affairs and a shift to universal metering is being pushed as remedy. However, metering can work only by creating power retailing entrepreneurs as is being tried out in Orissa. Flat tariff regime can also serve the purpose, provided it is tied to effective supply policies. Judicious rationing and reasonable tariff are essential components of...