External ear development is a lengthy and complex process that extends from early embryonic life until well into the postnatal period. Initial development of the auricle and external auditory canal during the fourth and fifth weeks of gestation is closely associated with anatomical changes involving the pharyngeal arch apparatus of the human embryo. The auricle and external canal are well forme...

Background. Ewing sarcoma (ES) is a high-grade malignant tumor that has skeletal and extraskeletal forms and consists of small round cells. In the head and neck region, reported localization of extraskeletal ES includes the larynx, thyroid gland, submandibular gland, nasal fossa, pharynx, skin, and parotid gland, but not the external ear canal. Methods. We present the unique case of a 2-year-ol...

Eccrine spiradenoma is a benign tumor of sweat gland origin. Malignant eccrine spiradenoma is a rare neoplasm which almost always arises from a pre-existing spiradenoma lesion. In this article, we present a patient with malignant eccrine spiradenoma of the auricula with a prior diagnosis as benign eccrine spiradenoma. Although malignant transformation is usually associated with aggressive behav...

The ear is the five senses and external organ that most often interacts with objects, common disturbance in organs an infection called otitis, otitis inflammation causes ear. Otitis itself has many types such as external, media, internal others. research using Expert System, utilizing Forward Chaining Certainty Factor methods, it hoped can help patients to be able consult system, appropriate EN...

BACKGROUND Lymphoscintigraphy reveals inconsistencies in our knowledge of the lymphatic anatomy of the external ear. METHODS Fifteen external ears from 9 unembalmed human cadavers were studied. Six percent hydrogen peroxide was used to find the lymphatic vessels using a surgical microscope. They were injected with a radio-opaque mixture, dissected, photographed, and radiographed to demonstrat...

The term "anomaly" refers to a marked deviation from a normal standard usually caused by a hereditary or congenital defect. While there are many classifications of temporal bone anomalies, we believe that a simple division into major and minor anomalies of the temporal bone is sufficient. Major malformations (anomalies) are those in which there is stenosis or atresia of the external ear canal. ...

OBJECTIVE Reversion-inducing cysteine-rich protein with kazal motifs (RECK) may negatively regulate matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) activity and suppress tumor invasion and metastasis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether RECK and MMP were involved in regulating middle ear carcinoma invasion and metastasis. METHODS RECK and MMP9 were measured in 30 middle ear squamous cell carci...