Faunal homogenization and differentiation occur when geographic regions show increased or decreased, respectively, similarity to each other in species composition owing to introductions and extinctions or extirpations. I used species presence–absence data for “native” (i.e., estimated species compositions before European settlement) and “total” (i.e., including nonnative fishes and extinctions)...

Starting four decades ago, studies have examined the ecology and evolutionary dynamics of populations species using short mitochondrial DNA fragments stable isotopes. Through technological analytical advances, methods biomolecules at our disposal increased significantly to now include lipids, whole genomes, proteomes, even epigenomes. At an unprecedented resolution, study ancient has made it po...