BACKGROUND Isolation of free-living amoebae (FLA) is reported sparsely from water taps, ventilators, air conditioners, haemodialysis units and dental irrigation systems of hospitals worldwide. Their prevalence in hospital environment especially in wards having immunocompromised patients may pose a risk to this group of susceptible population as they may cause disease themselves or may carry pat...

Six methods for subtyping of Campylobacter jejuni were compared and evaluated with a collection of 90 isolates from poultry, cattle, and sporadic human clinical cases as well as from a waterborne outbreak. The applied methods were Penner heat-stable serotyping; automated ribotyping (RiboPrinting); random amplified polymorphic DNA typing (RAPD); pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE); restricti...

background: free-living amoebae (fla) are group of protozoa distributed worldwide in many habitats mainly water and soil related sources. some members of fla are able to act as opportunistic pathogens and are environmental carriers of other pathogenic agents such as bacteria and viruses. vermamoeba vermiformis is a highly abundant fla species in water bodies and has recently gained environmenta...

in order to study the effects of conventional and conservation tillage with management residue on wheat physiological properties, a field experiment was conducted in 2013-2014 at mashhad agricultural and natural resources research center of razavi khorasan province. this experiment was carried out as split plot design based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. main plo...

Conditional mutants for flagellar assembly (fla) provide a useful tool to study intraflagellar transport (IFT) at the molecular level, and provide a unique set of tools to analyze cilia. The analysis of IFT phenotypes of fla mutants at the permissive temperature by a quantitative image analysis approach identified four distinct phases of the IFT cycle and directly demonstrated structural and fu...

Biosynthesis of the Caulobacter crescentus polar flagellum requires the expression of a large number of flagellar (fla) genes that are organized in a regulatory hierarchy of four classes (I to IV). The timing of fla gene expression in the cell cycle is determined by specialized forms of RNA polymerase and the appearance and/or activation of regulatory proteins. Here we report an investigation o...

A comparative assessment of three serological methods for leprosy diagnosis (the fluorescent leprosy antibody absorption [FLA-ABS] test, the Mycobacterium leprae soluble-extract enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay [ELISA], and the M. leprae particle agglutination [MLPA] test) was carried out. The objective was to identify their performance in clinical and epidemiological diagnosis of leprosy. The...

BACKGROUND Recurrent legionella outbreaks at one and the same location are common. We have identified a single Legionella pneumophila genotype associated with recurrent Legionella outbreaks over 6 years. METHODS Field emergency surveys following Legionella outbreaks were performed on a vessel in 2008, 2009 and 2013. Water samples from both the distribution and technical parts of the potable w...