Flat-space cosmologies (FSCs) are solutions to three-dimensional theories of gravity without cosmological constants that have horizons. A detector located near the timelike singularity spacetime can absorb Hawking modes created horizon. Continuation this process will eventually cause entropy radiation be larger than FSC, which leads information paradox. In paper, we resolve paradox for FSC usin...

In this paper, we study the stability and accuracy of adaptive finite element methods for the convection-dominated convection-diffusion-reaction problem in the twodimension space. Through various numerical examples on a type of layer-adapted grids (Shishkin grids), we show that the mesh adaptivity driven by accuracy alone cannot stabilize the scheme in all cases. Furthermore the numerical appro...

Water tunnel experiments have been performed to examine how large scale, high intensity freestream turbulence affects heat transfer through a laminar flat plate boundary layer. Time-Resolved Digital Particle Image Velocimetry (TRDPIV) was used to examine the flow field along with timeresolved heat transfer from the wall. The surface heat flux was measured with a newly developed thin-film sensor...

Scanning tunneling microscopy images of 4.5° misoriented double B stepped Si͑001͒ have been analyzed to determine the double-layer step-edge formation energies of the energetically stable double step (B-type͒ as well as the energetically unstable double step (A-type͒. The ordering of the various single-and double-layer step-edge formation energies is in accordance with semiempirical tight-binding-b...

An electric-field integral-equation formulation discretized via the method of moments (MoM) is proposed for the analysis of arbitrarily shaped planar conductive layers in a shielded guided-wave structure. The method results in a generalized scattering matrix (GSM) for the planar structure and can be used with other GSM’s, derived using this or other techniques, to model cascaded structures in w...

In the Chern-Simons formulation of Einstein gravity in 2+1 dimensions the phase space of gravity is the moduli space of flat G-connections, where G is a typically non-compact Lie group which depends on the signature of space-time and the cosmological constant. For Euclidean signature and vanishing cosmological constant, G is the three-dimensional Euclidean group. For this case the Poisson struc...