nowadays, temperature increase, rainfall decrease and its effect on the time dynamics of carbon fixation cycle still are faced by many uncertainties. net primary production (npp) is one of the main factors of carbon cycle; precipitation and temperature measurement are known as two useful tools to study different ecosystems stability and resilience in terms of climate. hence, in this study, npp ...

The conversion of natural habitats to farmland is a major driver of the global extinction crisis. Two strategies are promoted to mitigate the impacts of agricultural expansion on biodiversity: land sharing integrates wildlife-friendly habitats within farmland landscapes, and land sparing intensifies farming to allow the offset of natural reserves. A key question is which strategy would protect ...

Small and scattered patches of forests contrast sharply within the context flat monotonous dark green pastures in Dutch polder landscapes. These patches, with various types trees, are like little islands, surrounded by ditches. They not remnants original old peat swamp but farmers created past for particular purposes. Their names offer clear indications: addition to general name ‘small forests’...

Our ability to estimate the changes in carbon (C) pools and fluxes due to forest conversion is hampered by a lack of comparative studies. We measured aboveand belowground C pools and soil respiration flux at four forested and four pasture sites in the southern Appalachian Mountains. Aboveand belowground C pools were significantly larger (P < 0.01, t-test) at forested sites relative to pasture s...

Early-successional vegetation is often a major factor that limits recovery of tropical forest in abandoned pastures by outcompeting seedlings of forest trees. The goal of this study was to compare the effects of aboveand below-ground competition of pasture grasses and shrubs on the growth of tree seedlings in abandoned tropical pasture in Costa Rica. Seedlings of Calophyllum brasiliense were pl...

introduction urban landscape is experiencing rapid changes which put all urban domains under pressures. these processes revolutionize urban landscape into spaces without ecologic values. the sustainability of green patches and corridors has been scathed by lack of ecological approaches in planning and design. therefore, urban green spaces structures and functions have been damaged. green spaces...

nomad’s livelihood is based on continuous migration between summer and winter pastures to obtain forage for their animals and access to contented weather. this living way has long history in iran which formed in accord with climate. in recent century, modernization has been caused many changes in traditional living way of nomads. therefore, nomads have no more their role and function as in th...

Ecological constraints on effective dispersal have been suggested to be a key factor influencing social evolution in animal societies as well as the shift from single queen colonies (monogyny) to multiple queen colonies (polygyny) in ants. However, little is known about the effective dispersal patterns of ant queens. Here we investigate the microgeographic genetic structure of mitochondrial hap...

and < 50 ppb T-2. The data suggest that in piglets exposed to weaning stress and a natural infection with HPS, DON levels as low as 220 ppb can decrease performance. From day 15-20, all piglets were treated with Vital TSS (Trimethoprimum, Sufathiazolum and Sulfidimidinum). This treatment effectively controlled the HPS infection. During this trial phase no differences in performance were recorde...