How the human brain realizes natural language understanding is still an open question. With the development of statistical natural language processing technology, people gradually realized that we should use the possibility to determine whether a sentence is reasonable, which means use the probability to measure the grammatical well-formedness of a sentence. If the probability of the first sent...

We consider a model of multiple independent intruders that have no ability to share knowledge between each other. We use this model to analyze security in wireless ad-hoc networks, where each intruder has a local control in the network, i.e., he can read and send messages only to his direct neighbors. Another application is the mobile ambient calculus where several intruder processes are not ab...

Reference-set constraints are a special class of constraints used in Minimalist syntax. They extend the notion of well-formedness beyond the level of single trees: When presented with some phrase structure tree, they compute its set of competing output candidates and determine the optimal output(s) according to some economy metric. Doubts have frequently been raised in the literature whether su...

We consider a model of multiple independent intruders that have no ability to share knowledge between each other. We use this model to analyze security in wireless ad-hoc networks, where each intruder has a local control in the network, i.e., he can read and send messages only to his direct neighbors. Another application is the mobile ambient calculus where several intruder processes are not ab...

A significant problem in computational language learning is that of inferring the content of well-formedness constraints from input data. In this article, we approach the constraint induction problem as the gradual adjustment of subsymbolic constraints in a connectionist network. In particular, we develop a multi-layer feed-forward network that learns the constraints that underlie restrictions ...

Many tools for Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) which are based on the widespread Eclipse Modelling Framework (EMF) [4] are developed for single tasks like e.g., generating, editing, refactoring, merging, patching or viewing of models. Thus, models are oftentimes exchanged in a series of tools. In such a tool chain, a grafical model editor or viewer usually sets the degree of well-formedness of a...

The quantum Turing machine (QTM) has been introduced by Deutsch as an abstract model of quantum computation. The transition function of a QTM is linear, and has to be unitary to be a well-formed QTM. This well-formedness condition ensures that the evolution of the machine does not violate the postulates of quantum mechanics. However, we claim in this paper that the well-formedness condition is ...

This article concludes the special issue on Biosemiotic Entropy looking toward the future on the basis of current and prior results. It highlights certain aspects of the series, concerning factors that damage and degenerate biosignaling systems. As in ordinary linguistic discourse, well-formedness (coherence) in biological signaling systems depends on valid representations correctly construed: ...

In programming as well as in modelling, artefacts are required to comply with the rules of well-formedness given by their underlying language definition or their meta model, respectively. In many cases (e.g. the UML specification or the meta models implemented with EMF), these rules are given as Boolean typed OCL expressions, whose evaluation results indicate whether an artefact is well-formed....

Model-driven development tools built on industry standard platforms, such as the Eclipse Modeling Framework (EMF), heavily utilize model queries in various activities, including model transformation, well-formedness constraint validation and domain-specific model execution. As these queries are executed rather frequently in interactive modeling applications, they have a significant impact on th...