UNLABELLED A population of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) within a host often descends from a single transmitted/founder virus. The high mutation rate of HIV, coupled with long delays between infection and diagnosis, make isolating and characterizing this strain a challenge. In theory, ancestral reconstruction could be used to recover this strain from sequences sampled in chronic infection;...

BACKGROUND Numerous epidemiological factors affect the probability of developing breast or ovarian cancer, but no predictor is as determinant as inheriting a mutation in BRCA1 or BRCA2. The concept of the founder effect explains the reduced genetic variability in some populations, according to the theory that new populations can be formed from a reduced number of individuals, so the new populat...

not known. Interestingly, although the founder specification programs act upon the fusion process, the converse does not seem to be true. If the ability of myoblasts to fuse is blocked (for example by mutations in dock180/mbc), then the founder cells still make tiny Manfred Frasch*‡ and Maria Leptin†‡ *Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Mount Sinai School of Medicine One Gustave L...

being contemporary with avicenna and rhazes, abu maher shirazi was born in shiraz the 10th century ad. he was known as the rst inuential physician in shiraz in the islamic period and his students, such as haly abbas, called him a great scientist. concerning his signicant impact on medicine in this era, abu maher shirazi is a good candidate for the title “the founder of shiraz medical doctrine”.

The formation of a multi-nucleate myofibre is directed, in Drosophila, by a founder cell. In the embryo, founders are selected by Notch-mediated lateral inhibition, while during adult myogenesis this mechanism of selection does not appear to operate. We show, in the muscles of the adult abdomen, that the Fibroblast growth factor pathway mediates founder cell choice in a novel manner. We suggest...