Graphene sponge electrodes were employed for chlorine-free inactivation of Escherichia coli from low conductivity water. The nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (NRGO) anode bearing more positive charge achieved complete E. (i.e., 5 log removal) in the anode-cathode configuration at 115 A m-2, versus 2.6 removal using boron-doped anode. bacteria mainly inactivated via electrosorption and elec...

The electrochemical detection of free chlorine based on the reduction at a gold electrode has been studied. The differential pulse voltammetric curves exhibited well-defined cathodic peaks. Investigations with this system suggested that the active species in the cathodic reaction is HClO. Excellent reproducibility was demonstrated at pH 5. The peak height could be used for accurate and rapid de...

 Review the detection methods for organic chloramine described in the literature  Evaluate the formation of organic chloramine from reactions between extracellular polymer substances (EPS), a component of biofilms, and disinfectants (free chlorine or monochloramine)  Evaluate the formation of organic chloramine by reaction between heterotrophic plate count (HPC) bacteria (as planktonic bacte...

The observed presence of water vapor convectively injected deep into the stratosphere over the United States can fundamentally change the catalytic chlorine/bromine free-radical chemistry of the lower stratosphere by shifting total available inorganic chlorine into the catalytically active free-radical form, ClO. This chemical shift markedly affects total ozone loss rates and makes the catalyti...

The effect of chlorine-induced bacterial injury on spectral features using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) absorbance spectroscopy was studied using a mixed bacterial culture of (1:1) ca. 500 CFU/mL each Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 15442 in 0.9% saline. Bacterial cells were treated with 0, 0.3, or 1.0 ppm of initial free chlorine (21 degrees C, 1 h of contact ...

A flow injection analysis (FIA) method for the determination of four residual chlorine species, namely combined available chlorine (CAC), free available chlorine (FAC), total available chlorine (TAC) and chlorite (ClO2-) was developed using a flow-through triiodide-selective electrode as a detector. An important strategy of speciation studies utilized the kinetic discrimination of reactions bet...

Objectives: Chloramines are by-products of chlorine disinfected swimming pools and are hazardous to people if chloramines evaporate into the air. There is evidence that chloramines cause upper respiratory tract and eye irritation. It was suspected that ozone treatment in addition to chlorine disinfection will reduce chloramine levels in the pool. The following study compared chloramine concentr...

S Disinfection for drinking water reduces the risk of pathogenic infection but may pose chemical threat to human health due to disinfection residues and their by-products when the organic and inorganic precursors are present in water. Administration of huwa-san through drinking water or by oral injection caused alterations in the biochemical functions of the liver and kidney more than chlorine....

The effects of free chlorine disinfection of tap water and wastewater effluents on the infectivity, gene integrity and surface antigens of rotaviruses were evaluated by a bench-scale chlorine disinfection experiments. Plaque assays, integrated cell culture-quantitative RT-PCR (ICC-RT-qPCR), RT-qPCR, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), respectively, were used to assess the influence ...