The role of the basolateral amygdala (LA) in the acquisition and expression of Pavlovian fear conditioning was examined in 80 rats. Excitotoxic lesions were made in the BLA using N-methyl-D-aspartate 7 days before or 1, 14, or 28 days after Pavlovian fear conditioning. Conditioning consisted of three pairings of a tone with an aversive footshock in a novel chamber, and freezing behavior served ...

Administration of 0.2 microg of alpha-helical CRF(9-41) (corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist, ahCRF(9-41)) into the locus coeruleus (LC) region significantly reduced footshock-induced freezing behavior in adult male rats. Changes in the concentrations of noradrenaline (NA), dopamine and their catabolites in cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus of footshocked rats were reminiscent...

We present a Brownian dynamics simulation study of static and dynamic properties of quasi-two-dimensional dispersions of colloidal spheres interacting by long-range screened electrostatic and by dipolar magnetic forces, respectively. The calculated van Hove real-space dynamic correlation functions, mean squared displacements, and hydrodynamic functions are shown to obey a dynamic scaling behavi...

The incorporation of a model protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), into poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel films during the freezing and thawing process and its subsequent release behavior were investigated. The effect of the number of freezing and thawing cycles as well as the stability of BSA were examined. BSA release profiles were not significantly different from gels prepared after 3 or 5 c...

Strain and sex differences in fear conditioning were investigated in two commonly used laboratory rats: Sprague Dawleys and Long-Evans. Twenty-two kHz ultrasonic vocalization (USV) distress calls and freezing behavior were used to measure fear responses to contextual and auditory conditioned stimuli (CSs), which were previously paired with a footshock unconditioned stimulus (US). Both strain an...

It is well known that human beings do not always change opinions or attitudes, since the duration of interaction with others usually has a significant impact on one's decision-making. Based on this observation, we introduce a freezing period into the voter model, in which the frozen individuals have a weakened opinion switching ability. We unfold the presence of an optimal freezing period, whic...

The current study examined the effects of temporary inactivation of the DH on freezing, rearing, ambulating, grooming, and whisking behavior in an explicitly nonspatial contextual fear conditioning paradigm in which olfactory stimuli served as temporally and spatially diffuse contexts. Prior either to training, testing, or both, male Sprague-Dawley rats received bilateral microinfusions of sali...

We report a study of the low temperature bulk magnetic properties of the spin ice compound Dy2Ti2O7 with particular attention to the (T,4 K) spin freezing transition. While this transition is superficially similar to that in a spin glass, there are important qualitative differences from spin glass behavior: the freezing temperature increases slightly with applied magnetic field, and the distrib...

Membranes are often damaged by freezing and/or dehydration, and this damage may be reduced by solutes. In many cases, these phenomena can be explained by the physical behavior of membrane-solute-water systems. Both solutes and membranes reduce the freezing temperature of water, although their effects are not simply additive. The dehydration of membranes induces large mechanical stresses in the ...