Dealing with complex palaeogeographical histories is a problem of major importance in biogeographical studies. Since the superposition of palaeogeographical events may produce multiple changes in species range distributions, highly complex patterns of animal and plant distributions are to be expected (Nelson & Platnick, 1981; Brown & Gibson, 1983; Myers & Institut de Recherche pour le Développe...

the native fishes of springs, ghanats and caves of iran are uniquely significant, since they are rear and, because of pollution, dryness, . purposeful or accidental introduction of exotic species and over all, because of industrialization are in danger. the stock of valuable fishes of iran are declining while they have not been completely identified. the stock of these fishes, particularly thos...