Depth from defocus (DFD) based on optical methods is an effective method for depth reconstruction from 2D optical images. However, due to optical diffraction, optical path deviation occurs, which results in blurring imaging. Blurring, in turn, results in inaccurate depth reconstructions using DFD. In this paper, a nanoscale depth reconstruction method using defocus with optical diffraction is p...

When optical signals, like diffraction patterns, are processed by digital means the choice of sampling density and geometry is important during analog-to-digital conversion. Continuous band-limited signals can be sampled and recovered from their samples in accord with the Nyquist sampling criteria. The specific form of the convolution kernel that describes the Fresnel diffraction allows another...

The fabrication and characterization of Fresnel zone plates (FZPs) for hard X-ray microscopy applications are reported. High-quality 500 nm- and 1 µm-thick Au FZPs with outermost zone widths down to 50 nm and 70 nm, respectively, and with diameters up to 600 µm were fabricated. The diffraction efficiencies of the fabricated FZPs were measured for a wide range of X-ray energies (2.8-13.2 keV) sh...

Coherent diffraction microscopy requires a well-defined illumination wave such as a plane wave on a specimen. Experimentally, a small pinhole or a focused beam is often used to reduce the illumination area but they unavoidably distort the waves. The distortion of the illumination wave causes artifacts in the phase retrieval of oversampled diffraction patterns. Using computer simulations, we sea...

We report on a type of linear zone plate for nanometer-scale focusing of hard x rays, a multilayer Laue lens (MLL), produced by sectioning a multilayer and illuminating it in Laue diffraction geometry. Because of its large optical depth, a MLL spans the diffraction regimes applicable to a thin Fresnel zone plate and a crystal. Coupled wave theory calculations indicate that focusing to 5 nm or s...

We present a digital method for holographic microscopy involving a CCD camera as a recording device. Off-axis holograms recorded with a magnified image of microscopic objects are numerically reconstructed in amplitude and phase by calculation of scalar diffraction in the Fresnel approximation. For phase-contrast imaging the reconstruction method involves the computation of a digital replica of ...

We propose a method to obtain improved expressions for the diffraction of circular apertures in boundary between near and far field. The is based on an analysis center value pattern derived from Fresnel expression. shown be applied both amplitude, phase, complex apertures, compared propagation simulations. show how these new allow use Fraunhofer approximation at numbers least twice as large con...