Abstract Beginning in the 1830s, medical investigators began to think of organic disorders as having single causes that were both universal and necessary. For this be possible required a radical shift way doctors defined diseases: from symptoms causes. The so-called aetiological approach disease meant every case had same cause. This, turn, any prophylactic or therapeutic measures directed at ca...

This is a very important work which casts new light on traditional medical systems and beliefs, and makes vital contributions to the understanding of gender in the construction of medicine in rural Egypt. Though Morsy's research relates to the modern period, it is also relevant to the understanding of popular medicine in medieval times and in other parts of the Middle East. As there is so much ...

A and how the response of management affects them are considered. The information collected in a soil survey helps in the development of land-use plans and evaluates and predicts the effects of land use on the environment. Soil surveys were first authorized in the United States in 1896. Although extensive writings on husbandry by L.J.M. Columella were published in the first century A.D., practi...

New media are often addressed within the growing field of surveillance studies, but technologies predating the late twentieth century are rarely considered. This essay challenges conventional histories of modern surveillance by highlighting the cultural impact of three ‘old’ new media: photography, the phonograph, and the telephone. Drawing upon the work of historian Carlo Ginzburg (1990), I ar...

In her article "Paris and the Birth of a Modern Fantastic during the Nineteenth Century" Patricia Garcia discusses the unprecedented growth of Europe's urban centers during the nineteenth century in relation to the realist novel and takes urban and literary Paris as a paradigm. However, nineteenth-century Paris was also to become the epicenter of another narrative form: the fantastic. Garcia's ...