OBJECTIVE Galanin, a cotransmitter similar to neuropeptide Y (NPY), aggravates autonomic imbalance in systolic heart failure (HF) by attenuating vagal tonus after burst sympathetic activity. In animal HF models, galanin antagonists have improved cardiac function. To determine whether galanin is a promising therapeutic target in HF, we studied its concentrations in HF patients and evaluated its ...

this study investigated the effects of five levels of galanin on plasma concentrations of growth hormone , triiodothyronine, thyroxine and milk fat in dairy goat breed was sannan .15 breeds of dairy goats sannan all about the same age and weight were selected for this study and were randomly divided into five treatments ( three replicates per treatment ). levels of the hormone injection of gala...

BACKGROUND Inhibitory interneurons constitute 30-40% of neurons in laminae I-III and have an important anti-nociceptive role. However, because of the difficulty in classifying them we know little about their organisation. Previous studies have identified 3 non-overlapping groups of inhibitory interneuron, which contain neuropeptide Y (NPY), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) or parvalbumin, ...

Galanin is a biologically active 29 amino acid peptide, widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous system, and most abundantly in the hypothalamus where it may serve in the regulation of anterior pituitary hormones. We herein report that mice carrying the rat preprogalanin cDNA specifically targeted to the somatomammotroph cell lineage, under the control of the rat GH promoter, ov...

Galanin coexists with ACh in the basal forebrain and medial septal region. The present study investigated the interactions of the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine and the neuropeptide galanin on an operant spatial delayed nonmatching to sample task (DNMTS) in rats. Scopolamine administered both intraperitoneally and microinjected into the medial septum impaired performance on DNMTS. G...

Peripheral nerve injury-induced structural and chemical modifications of the sensory circuits in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord contribute to the mechanism of neuropathic pain. In contrast to the topographic projection of primary afferents in laminae I-IV in the rat spinal cord, the primary afferents of Macaca mulatta monkeys almost exclusively project into laminae I-II of the spinal cord. ...

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons increase their expression of Fos and galanin coincident with the luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in the female rat. To define the temporal relationships between the expression of these genes and the GnRH gene itself and to gain insight about the possible functional interactions of these processes, we compared levels of c-fos, galanin, and GnRH mRNA i...

We have determined if peripheral nerve stimulation altered the increased spontaneous release of immunoreactive (ir)-galanin that is found in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord of neuropathic rats. Using the antibody microprobe technique to study the localized sites of ir-galanin release in vivo, we found that high intensity electrical stimulation of the injured nerve resulted in a f...

Axonal damage to adult peripheral neurons causes changes in neuronal gene expression. For example, axotomized sympathetic, sensory, and motor neurons begin to express galanin mRNA and protein, and recent evidence suggests that galanin plays a role in peripheral nerve regeneration. Previous studies in sympathetic and sensory neurons have established that galanin expression is triggered by two co...

Human galanin is a 30 amino acid neuropeptide that elicits a range of biological activities by interaction with G protein-coupled receptors. We have generated a model of the human GALR1 galanin receptor subtype (hGALR1) based on the alpha carbon maps of frog rhodopsin and investigated the significance of potential contact residues suggested by the model using site-directed mutagenesis. Mutation...