This paper analyzes determinants of ex-manufacturer prices for originator and generic drugs across countries. We focus on drugs to treat HIV/AIDS, TB, and malaria in middle and low-income countries (MLICs), with robustness checks to other therapeutic categories and the full income range of countries. We examine the effects of per capita income, income dispersion, competition from originator and...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to identify and suggest a number of performance measures to facilitate the evaluation of accreditation programs in healthcare. METHODS The paper is based on an exploratory research which has used qualitative methods, including snowball sampling technique, email interview and thematic content analysis. PARTICIPANTS Respondents (experts and professionals...

OBJECTIVE To review the pharmaceutical sector in Cyprus in terms of the availability and affordability of medicines and to explore pharmaceutical policy options for the national health system finance reform expected to be introduced in 2016. METHODS We conducted semi-structured interviews in April 2014 with senior representatives from seven key national organizations involved in pharmaceutica...

In a period of continuous change in global business environment, organizations, large and small, are finding it increasingly difficult to deal with, and adjust to the demands for such change. Simulation is a powerful tool for allowing designers imagines new systems and enabling them to both quantify and observe behavior. Currently the market offers a variety of simulation software packages. Som...

A functional model of an artifact shows an important part of designer’s intention. A taxonomy of generic functions plays a crucial role in describing such functional models. Improving interoperability among functional models of different functional taxonomies facilitates sharing functional models among designers in organizations. The mapping between the different functional taxonomies and the c...

Utterances expressing generic kinds ("birds fly") highlight qualities of a category that are stable and enduring, and thus provide insight into conceptual organization. To explore the role that linguistic input plays in children's production of generic nouns, we observed American and Chinese deaf children whose hearing losses prevented them from learning speech and whose hearing parents had not...

OBJECTIVE Review the literature on the impact of policies designed to enhance uptake of generic medicines in low and middle income countries (LMICs). METHODS We searched for publications related to generic medicines policies (January 2000-March 2010) and did a bibliometric, descriptive analysis of the dataset in addition to an analysis of studies evaluating the impact of pro-generic policies....

Introduction Among a number of generic tools that have been developed in the last decade to measure, explore, analyze, model and visualize plant architecture in 3-dimensions, this paper focuses on methods dedicated to the comparison between plant architectures. After a first step that has been reached with the comparison of branching sequences along axes (Guédon et al., 2003), Ferraro and Godin...

“Compliance” is a multi-faceted concept that encompasses the capability of an organization to monitor and meet impinging obligations. It has recently become an area of significant concern to many major multi-national organizations. The proliferation of service-oriented systems rely on rich behavioral descriptions of functionality to facilitate seamless application composition and interoperation...

Existing fossil fuels do not meet the needs of modern societies and are almost coming to an end. Hence, governments can respond both to the needs of the people and the industry, by investing in the use of renewable energies. As well as saving fossil fuels, natural gas and even water. According to the research, renewable energy, especially wind energy, has been used in recent years and are able ...