• Mutation-selection balance at two linked loci can be fully investigated. Dynamics of loss wild-type alleles depend on the type epistasis. After Muller's ratchet clicks, a deleterious allele is fixed by selection. We report complete analysis deterministic model mutations and negative selection against them haploid without recombination. As long as mutation weaker force than selection, mutant r...

background and objectives: the development of high yielding cultivars with wide adaptability is the ultimate aim of plant breeders. however, attaining this goal is made more complicated by genotype-environment interactions. the genotype by environment interaction is a major problem in the study of quantitative traits because it complicates the interpretation of genetic experiments and makes pre...