This paper presents a survey and comparison of the signi cant diversity measures in the genetic programming literature. The overall aim and motivation behind this study is to attempt to gain a deeper understanding of genetic programming dynamics and the conditions under which genetic programming works well. Three benchmark problems (Arti cial Ant, Symbolic Regression and Even5-parity) are used ...

In many models of genotypic evolution, the vector of genotype populations satisfies a system of linear ordinary differential equations. This system of equations models a competition between differential replication rates (fitness) and mutation. Mutation operates as a generalized diffusion process on genotype space. In the large time asymptotics, the replication term tends to produce a single do...

The main objective for plant breeding is to increase genetic diversity. Mutation induction is a method to increase genetic diversity associated with selection, recombination, or a combination of these approaches in plant breeding. The present research was aimed to compare efficacy of different doses of Gamma rays (150, 200, 250, 300 and 350 Gy and zero dose control) on the sesame morphological ...

HIV-HBV-coinfected patients require optimal control of viral replication in order to prevent the development of severe comorbidities, such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The genetic diversity of HBV is a poorly investigated factor of such viral replication in HIV-infected hosts. HBV genome diversity can be differentiated into two major aspects: genotypic and phenotypic. Genoty...

The parthogenetic lizard species Cnemidophorus tesselatus is composed of diploid populations formed by hybridization of the bisexual species C. tigris and C. septemvittatus, and of triploid populations derived from a cross between diploid tesselatus and a third bisexual species, C. sexlineatus. An analysis of allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 21 loci revealed that, primarily because of...

Conserved primers were used in a polymerase chain reaction to amplify the ITS region of the rDNA of 100 Microdochium nivale isolates collected from different turfgrasses in southern Ontario. The profile of the restriction digestion of the amplified ITS region revealed that all the M. nivale isolates analysed belonged to var. nivale. RAPD profiling and RFLP analyses of the IGS regions of rDNA re...

An objective of transfer learning is to improve and speedup learning on target tasks after training on a different, but related source tasks. This research is a study of comparative Neuro-Evolution (NE) methods for transferring evolved multi-agent policies (behaviors) between multi-agent tasks of varying complexity. The efficacy of five variants of two NE methods are compared for multi-agent po...

Recent evidence indicates that grassland community structure and species diversity are influenced by genetic variation within species. We review what is known regarding the impact of intraspecific diversity on grassland community structure, using an ancient limestone pasture as a focal example. Two genotype-dependent effects appear to modify community structure in this system. First, the abunda...

Sexual reproduction in fungi involves either a single individual (selfing) or two individuals (outcrossing). To investigate the roles that these two strategies play in the establishment of an invasive alien pathogen, the Eucalyptus leaf-infecting fungus, Teratosphaeria (Mycosphaerella) nubilosa was studied. Specifically, the genetic diversity of the pathogen was investigated at micro and macros...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Grevillea rhizomatosa is a spreading shrub which exhibits multiple breeding strategies within a narrow area in the fire-prone heathlands of eastern Australia. Reproductive strategies include self-compatibility, self-incompatibility and clonality (with and without sterility). The close proximity of contrasting breeding systems provides an opportunity to explore the evolution ...