Neuronal remodeling in response to deafferenting lesions in the brain can be enhanced by estradiol (E2). Astrocytes are among the targets of E2 in complex interactions with neurons and may support or inhibit neuronal remodeling. In ovariectomized female rats given entorhinal cortex lesions, E2 replacement inhibited the increase of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) protein. To model the rol...

this is the report of a mandibular neuroectodermal/ewing sarcoma in an 8-year-old male cross breed dogthat is unique because of tumor origin location. pedunculated, ulcerative, firm 6.0 × 4.0 × 5.5 cm tumor masseffaced the bone at the rostral part of the mandible and had a white-sanguineous color at cross sectionappearance. histopathologically, small round blue cell tumor was diagnosed. immunoh...

We determined age-related changes of astrocytes in the visual area V2 of young (2–3 years old) and old (12–13 years old) cats. An immunohistochemical method was applied to demonstrate glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-immunoreactive astrocytes. Under the microscope, the densities of the astrocytes and the diameters of the somata were calculated, and the processes of the astrocytes were als...

Glioma-initiating cells (GICs) represent a potential important therapeutic target because they are likely to account for the frequent recurrence of malignant gliomas; however, their identity remains unsolved. Here, we characterized the cellular lineage fingerprint of GICs through a combination of electrophysiology, lineage marker expression, and differentiation assays of 5 human patient-derived...

vitreous cavity. Strong glial fibrillary acidic protein positivity confirms the diagnosis. Thickening of the vessel walls, perivascular pigment, intralesional cysts, and calcareous deposits (calcospherites) are also detectable. Massive retinal gliosis is characteristically encountered in phthisical eyes after trauma, surgery, or inflammation and in other conditions such as retinopathy of premat...

Glioma-initiating cells (GICs) represent a potential important therapeutic target because they are likely to account for the frequent recurrence of malignant gliomas; however, their identity remains unsolved. Here, we characterized the cellular lineage fingerprint of GICs through a combination of electrophysiology, lineage marker expression, and differentiation assays of 5 human patient-derived...

Human neural precursor cells (hNPCs) derived from pluripotent stem cells display a high propensity for neuronal differentiation, but they require long-term culturing to differentiate efficiently into astrocytes. The mechanisms underlying this biased fate specification of hNPCs remain elusive. Here, we show that hypoxia confers astrocytic differentiation potential on hNPCs through epigenetic gen...

Rhabdoid glioblastoma (RGBM) is rare, but the most malignant among astrocytic tumors. Accumulating evidence indicates its highly aggressive nature and distinct histopathological features. Here, we report a new case of RGBM and review previously reported cases of astrocytic tumors with rhabdoid components. We describe a 58-year-old man who presented with aphasia and right-sided weakness. Magneti...

Rhabdoid glioblastoma (RGBM) is rare, but the most malignant among astrocytic tumors. Accumulating evidence indicates its highly aggressive nature and distinct histopathological features. Here, we report a new case of RGBM and review previously reported cases of astrocytic tumors with rhabdoid components. We describe a 58-year-old man who presented with aphasia and right-sided weakness. Magneti...