We assessed forest users’ willingness to pay (WTP) for regulating and cultural services based on their socio-economic status (rich vs. poor), proximity forests (nearby distant), management modalities (community forestry collaborative management). As expected, a huge variation was found in WTP among these sub-groups. The wealthier households (HH) preferred ‘cash’ whereas poor HHs ‘labour’ as pay...

Amultilevelmodel for ordinal data in generalized linearmixedmodels (GLMM) framework is developed to account for the inherent dependencies among observationswithin clusters. Motivated by a data set from the British Social Attitudes Panel Survey (BSAPS), the random district effects and respondent effects are incorporated into the linear predictor to accommodate the nested clusterings. The fixed (...

The penalized quasi-likelihood (PQL) approach is the most common estimation procedure for the generalized linear mixed model (GLMM). However, it has been noticed that the PQL tends to underestimate variance components as well as regression coefficients in the previous literature. In this paper, we numerically show that the biases of variance component estimates by PQL are systematically related...

Abstract While the use of trees has been widely documented for most big cats, this information is scant jaguar ( Panthera onca ). In study, we investigated by jaguars, evaluating different underlying reasons as well frequency tree based on sex, age, and reproductive status. Data were obtained from 2013 to 2020 through a combination direct observations during fieldwork camera trapping focused be...

Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) is a framework that has response variable, fixed effects, and random effects. The variable comes from an exponential family, whereas effects have normal distribution. Estimating parameters can be calculated using the maximum likelihood method Laplace approach or Gauss-Hermite Quadrature (GHQ) approach. purpose of this study was to identify factors trigger s...

BACKGROUND Honey has multiple therapeutic properties due to its composition with diverse components. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial efficacy of Saharan honeys against bacterial pathogens, the variation of honey floral origins, and its physicochemical characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antimicrobial activity of 32 samples of honey collected from the Alger...

The goal of this study was to model haul-out behavior of harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) in the Hood Canal region of Washington State with respect to changes in physiological, environmental, and temporal covariates. Previous research has provided a solid understanding of seal haul-out behavior. Here, we expand on that work using a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with temporal autocorrelatio...

BACKGROUND Campylobacteriosis is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in most developed countries. People are exposed to infection from contaminated food and environmental sources. However, the translation of these exposures into infection in the human population remains incompletely understood. This relationship is further complicated by differences in the presentation of cases, thei...