Smoke from wildland fires is one of the sources of atmospheric anthropogenic aerosols. it can dramatically affect regional and global radiative balance. Ross et al. (1998) estimated a direct radiative forcing of nearly -20 ~ m ' for the 1995 Amazonian smoke season (August and September). Penner et al. (1992) indicated that the magnitude of the smoke global radiative forcing is comparable to tha...

We prove that the one-dimensional Euler–Poisson system driven by the Poisson forcing together with the usual γ -law pressure, γ ≥ 1, admits global solutions for a large class of initial data. Thus, the Poisson forcing regularizes the generic finite-time breakdown in the 2×2 p-system. Global regularity is shown to depend on whether or not the initial configuration of the Riemann invariants and d...

Foias, Holm & Titi [15] have settled the problem of existence and uniqueness for the 3D LANS-α equations on periodic box [0, L]. There still remains the problem, first introduced by Doering and Foias [17] for the Navier-Stokes equations, of obtaining estimates in terms of the Reynolds number Re, whose character depends on the fluid response, as opposed to the Grashof number, whose character dep...

The understanding of land surface hydrology is critical for planning human activities involving freshwater 10 resources. We assess how atmospheric forcing data uncertainties affect land surface model (LSM) simulations by means of an extensive evaluation exercise using a number of state-of-the-art remote sensing and station-based datasets. For this purpose, we use the CO2-responsive ISBA-A-gs LS...

[1] The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) atmosphere general circulation model, with its new cloud scheme, is employed to study the indirect radiative effect of anthropogenic sulfate aerosol during the industrial period. The preindustrial and present-day monthly mean aerosol climatologies are generated from running the Model for Ozone And Related chemical Tracers (MOZART) chemistry-t...

The world's forests influence climate through physical, chemical, and biological processes that affect planetary energetics, the hydrologic cycle, and atmospheric composition. These complex and nonlinear forest-atmosphere interactions can dampen or amplify anthropogenic climate change. Tropical, temperate, and boreal reforestation and afforestation attenuate global warming through carbon seques...

Land-use and land-cover changes (LULCC) significantly affect weather and climate as iswell documented in the scientific literature. These impacts include changes in air temperature, precipitation, atmospheric moisture content, energy fluxes, and mesoscale and potentially large-scale circulations. Recently, the United States National Research Council (2005) highlighted the importance of LULCC an...

For a connected graph G = (V,E), a set W ⊆ V is called a Steiner set of G if every vertex of G is contained in a Steiner W -tree of G. The Steiner number s(G) of G is the minimum cardinality of its Steiner sets and any Steiner set of cardinality s(G) is a minimum Steiner set of G. For a minimum Steiner set W of G, a subset T ⊆ W is called a forcing subset for W if W is the unique minimum Steine...

The study of climate and climate change is hindered by a lack of information on the effect of clouds on the radiation balance of the earth, referred to as the cloud-radiative forcing. Quantitative estimates of the global distributions of cloud-radiative forcing have been obtained from the spaceborne Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) launched in 1984. For the April 1985 period, the global...

The equilibrium sensitivity of Earth's climate is determined as the quotient of the relaxation time constant of the system and the pertinent global heat capacity. The heat capacity of the global ocean, obtained from regression of ocean heat content vs. global mean surface temperature, GMST, is 14 ± 6 W yr m-2 K-1, equivalent to 110 m of ocean water; other sinks raise the effective planetary hea...