Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a weight-reduction procedure resulting in rapid resolution of type 2 diabetes (T2D). The role of pancreatic islet function in this restoration of normoglycemia has not been fully elucidated. Using the diabetic Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat model, we demonstrate that RYGB restores normal glucose regulation of glucagon and insulin secretion and normalizes islet morphol...

The liver is a key player in glucose regulation, and several factors are involved in this regulation (1). Glucagon, autonomic nerves, and the adrenals stimulate hepatic glucose production to allow sufficient brain glucose delivery. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production, preventing excess hepatic glucose release. This is of particular importance after meals, as is evident from the negative...

Oxyntomodulin (OXM) is a peptide secreted postprandially from the L-cells of the gut that has a weak affinity for both the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1R) and the glucagon receptor (GCGR). Peripheral administration of OXM in humans and rodents causes weight loss reducing food intake and increasing energy expenditure. It has been suggested that OXM modulates energy intake solely through...

background: considering that cannabinoids protect neurons against neurodegeneration, in this study, the neuroprotective effect of win55,212-2 in paraoxon induced neurotoxicity in pc12 cells and the role of the n-methyl-d-aspartate (nmda) receptor were evaluated. materials and methods: in this study pc12 cells were maintained in dulbecco's modified eagle’s medium (dmem+f12) culture medium supple...

Mice genetically deficient in the glucagon receptor (Gcgr(-/-)) show improved glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, and α-cell hyperplasia. In addition, Gcgr(-/-) mice do not develop diabetes after chemical destruction of β-cells. Since fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has insulin-independent glucose-lowering properties, we investigated whether FGF21 was contributing to diabetes resistance...

& These authors contributed equally to this work and should be considered co-first authors. Abstract Side effects from targeted drugs is a serious concern. One reason is the nonselective binding of a drug to unintended proteins such as its paralogs, which are highly homologous in sequences and exhibit similar structures and drug-binding pockets. In this study, we analyzed amino acid residues wi...

BACKGROUND Exogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) inhibits eating in healthy, overweight, and diabetic subjects. OBJECTIVE The GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39)NH2 (ex9-39) was used to further explore the role of GLP-1 as an endogenous satiation signal. DESIGN Two double-blind, 4-way crossover studies were performed, each of which included 10 healthy men. In study A, subjects recei...

Class B GPCR's are activated by peptide ligands, typically 30-40 amino acid residues, that are involved in major physiological functions such as glucose homeostasis (glucagon and glucagon-like peptide 1), calcium homeostasis and bone turnover (parathyroid hormone and calcitonin), and control of the stress axis (corticotropin-releasing factor). Peptide therapeutics have been developed targeting ...

This study was conducted to investigate the possible involvement of the histaminergic system in themediation of ghrelin-induced feeding behavior in broiler chickens. In the trial 1, the effect ofintracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of ghrelin on feed intake was examined in 3-h feed-deprived broilerchickens. In the trials 2 and 3, the chickens were received ICV chlorpheniramine (an H1 recepto...