This chapter focuses on two somewhat fundamentally related ways to elicit knowledge structure, network diagrams (usually as concept maps), and essays (see Chapter 4, this volume). Because of the utility of the proven Pathfinder Network approach and its well-established research base, we developed software to convert concept maps and essays into data representations that can be analyzed with Pat...

We have developed a method to identify when a student essay is off-topic, i.e. the essay does not respond to the test question topic. This task is motivated by a real-world problem: detecting when students using a commercial essay evaluation system, Criterion, enter off-topic essays. Sometimes this is done in bad faith to trick the system; other times it is inadvertent, and the student has cut-...

in this study, we investigated the errors native speakers of farsi commit when rating the esl essays, using a many-facet rasch measurement approach. to that end, two native speakers of farsi rated 56 essays which 28 male and female advanced language learners learning farsi as a second language at persian language centre at imam khomeini international university in qazvin, iran wrote on two topi...

Learners can collaborate with each other to achieve a lesson objective. In the collaboration, they can provide each other with guidance in order to identify mistakes and improve their achievements. With the rise of online instructions, this small-scale exploratory study aimed to see how proficient learners guided their less proficient classmates in correcting the grammatical accuracy of sentenc...

Hedges, as tools to express tentativeness and doubt, have been studied in plenty of research papers in the Iranian EFL research setting. However, their use in a learner corpus, portraying Iranian learner English, is in need of more research attention. With this end in view, this study aimed at investigating how Iranian EFL learners who have majored in English-related fields in Iran deployed hed...

This dissertation consists of three essays on monetary economics. The rst two essays have a focus on the zero lower bound on the nominal interest rate (ZLB) and the Great Recession. In the rst essay, I investigate optimal discretionary monetary policy under the ZLB in the case of a distorted steady state due to monopoly and taxation. I nd that the central bank in a more distorted economy would ...

In this study, the use of speech-like pragmatic markers in Iranian EFL students’ academic writing was investigated. Speech-like pragmatic markers, such as I think, well, I guess, actually, anyway, anyhow, etc. are linguistic components that are more specific to conversation than writing, and writers may wrongly include them in their academic writing. To examine the students’ use of speech-like ...

In this study, the use of speech-like pragmatic markers in Iranian EFL students’ academic writing was investigated. Speech-like pragmatic markers, such as I think, well, I guess, actually, anyway, anyhow, etc. are linguistic components that are more specific to conversation than writing, and writers may wrongly include them in their academic writing. To examine the students’ use of speech-like ...

coherence but by its concrete coherence—by its power to "assimilate" any and all alien beliefs, to change without annihilating such beliefs. In still other words, it is to take all thoughts captive to Christ (Ch. 6, pp. 147-79), even difficult thoughts like

The failure of Maxwell's equations to exhibit invariance under the Galilean transformation was corrected by Hertz through a simple, but today largely forgotten, mathematical trick. This involves substituting total (convective) time derivatives for partial time derivatives wherever the latter appear in Maxwell's equations. By this means Hertz derived a formally Galilean-invariant covering theory...