OBJECTIVE To report the use of sodium diclofenac, an antagonist of PPAR-gamma and cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor in the treatment of mild to moderate Graves' ophthalmopathy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Thirteen patients with clinical activity score (CAS) 2 to 7 were treated during a period ranging from 3 to 12 months (mean 7.8 ± 3.4) with oral sodium diclofenac, 50 mg every 12 hours. RESULTS E...

Graves' disease is characterized by hyperthyroidism, diffuse goitre, ophthalmopathy and, rarely, dermopathy. Although diagnostic testing is straightforward once Graves' disease is suspected, physicians need to be aware of heterogeneous and even atypical presentations of the disease, particularly in elderly patients. Because morbidity may be associated with even subtle forms of hyperthyroidism, ...

Davies TF, Tomer Y. Analysis of immune regulatory genes in familial and sporadic Graves’ disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 4562–4568 3. Becker BA, Fenves AZ, Breslau NA. Membranous glomerulonephritis associated with Graves’ disease. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33: 369–373 4. Antonelli A, Palla R, Casarosa L, Fallahi P, Baschieri L. IgG, IgA and C3 deposits in the extra-thyroidal manifestatio...

BACKGROUND Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy, a condition commonly associated with Graves' disease, remains inadequately treated. Current medical therapies, which primarily consist of glucocorticoids, have limited efficacy and present safety concerns. Inhibition of the insulin-like growth factor I receptor (IGF-IR) is a new therapeutic strategy to attenuate the underlying autoimmune pathogenesi...

BACKGROUND A prospective study was conducted to determine if external ionizing radiation could favorably influence the orbital manifestations of Graves ophthalmopathy. Diabetes and untreated systemic hypertension were exclusion criteria. Radiation was directed to the orbits of 42 affected patients using 0.2 rad (20 Gy) delivered in 10 doses of 0.02 rad (2 Gy). Patients were periodically examine...

BACKGROUND Radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism in Graves' disease patients may cause or aggravate the course of ophthalmopathy (GO). We evaluated the activity and severity of ophthalmopathy in patients who acquired GO following radioiodine therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between 2003 and 2005, 763 Graves' disease patients (50.9% of the total number of 1,500 patients referred to our Departm...

BACKGROUND A complex relationship between Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO) and dry eye syndrome exists. New research brings more insight into the association between these two diseases. METHODS A review of the literature was conducted using the query terms "Graves' Ophthalmopathy", "Thyroid Eye Disease", and "Dry Eye" in MedLine (PubMed) and Scopus. A total of 55 papers were reviewed. Case reports...

Abstract Introduction The impact of thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease (GD) on ophthalmopathy (GO) is not well understood. It generally accepted that does exacerbate or precipitate GO in the majority. aim this study was to evaluate whether prophylactic glucocorticoid use following total GD prevents early post-operative reactivation GO. Methods A retrospective cohort covering 5 years, studying pa...

Serum autoantibodies against eye muscle antigens are closely linked with thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy (TAO), although their significance is unclear. The two antigens that are most often recognized are eye muscle membrane proteins with molecular masses of 55 and 64 kDa, as determined from immunoblotting with crude human or porcine eye muscle membranes. We cloned a fragment of the 55-kDa pro...

Graves’ disease (GD) is an autoimmune thyroid disorder (AITD) with aberrant antibody production resulting in hyperthyroidism [1]. It is characterized by T cell and B cell reactivity to the thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone; TSH) receptor (TSHR) located on the endothelial surface of thyroid follicular cells, and the presence of abundant serum antibodies against TSHR (TRAb) is used as a sp...