Using data from the Hospital In-patient Enquiry (HIPE) Coggon and Nelms (1984) reported a substantial increase in operations for torsion of the testis between 1968 and 1980. The cumulative discharge rate (for ages 0 to 34) increased 2.3-fold from 0.35% in 1968 to 0.82% in 1980. A subsequent investigation of cases in the Wessex Health Region by these authors confirmed this increase and could fin...

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Green chemistry for chemical synthesis addresses our future challenges in working with chemical processes and products by inventing novel reactions that can maximize the desired products and minimize by-products, designing new synthetic schemes and apparati that can simplify operations in chemical productions, and seeking greener solvents that are inherently environmentally and ecologically ben...

A novel, efficient and one-pot method for preparation of 1, 8-dioxo-octahydroxanthene derivatives is reported using Nafion-H as an effective heterogeneous catalyst under thermal and solvent-free conditions. This method has the advantages of high yields, a cleaner reaction, simple methodology, easy work-up and greener conditions. The catalyst is easily prepared, stable, reusable and efficient un...

An increasing emphasis on waste minimization has prompted research aimed at replacing common synthetic techniques with greener alternatives. In biaryl synthesis, direct arylation1,2 is an emerging alternative to Suzuki and Stille couplings;3 however, a more efficient strategy would involve the direct catalytic crosscoupling of two arenes without recourse to stoichiometric activating groups (eq ...

Gallic acid efficiently catalyses radical arylations in water-acetone at room temperature. This methodology proved to be versatile and scalable. Therefore, it constitutes a greener alternative to arylation. Moreover, considering that gallic acid is an abundant vegetable tannin, this work also unleashes an alternative method for the reutilisation of bio-wastes.