How do we know which grammatical error correction (GEC) system is best? A number of metrics have been proposed over the years, each motivated by weaknesses of previous metrics; however, the metrics themselves have not been compared to an empirical gold standard grounded in human judgments. We conducted the first human evaluation of GEC system outputs, and show that the rankings produced by metr...

This paper describes a novel approach of improving multi-document summarization based on cross-document information extraction (IE). We first show that IE itself is not sufficient to produce fluent and coherent summaries. Then we attempt various methods to automatically incorporate IE results into sentence ranking. Experiments have shown our integration methods can significantly improve a high-...

Assessing the correctness of extracted data requires performance evaluation, which is accomplished by calculating quality metrics. The evaluation process must cope with the challenges posed by information extraction and natural language processing. In the previous work most of the existing methodologies have been shown that they support only traditional scoring metrics. Our research work addres...

This paper describes a novel approach of improving multi-document summarization based on cross-document information extraction (IE). We describe a method to automatically incorporate IE results into sentence ranking. Experiments have shown our integration methods can significantly improve a high-performing multi-document summarization system, according to the ROUGE-2 and ROUGE-SU4 metrics (7.38...

this work aimed to prepare a nanoemulsion preparation containing budesonide and assess its aerodynamic behavior in comparison with suspension of budesonide. in-vitro aerodynamic performance of the corresponding micellar solution (ie. nanoemulsion preparation without oil) was investigated too. nanoemulsions of almond oil containing budesonide, as a hydrophobic model drug molecule, were prepared ...

  The aim of the present study was to determine effects of artificial drought stress on the characteristics of germination and seedling growth in bread wheat cultivars. The material of experiment consisted of seeds obtained from eight bread wheat cultivars with different response to drought (Alpu 2001, Sultan 95, Konya 2002, Eser as sensitive cultivars; Karahan 99, Tosunbey, Kate A1 as resista...

In ecological communities, the outcome of plant-plant interactions represents the net effect of positive and negative interactions occurring above and below ground. Untangling these complex relationships can provide a better understanding of mechanisms that underlie plant-plant interactions and enhance our ability to predict population, community, and ecosystem effects of biotic interactions. I...

To realize the real-time monitoring of lodging and cavitation state rape blanket seedling transplanter, a online system set for based on machine vision was designed. The mainly composed an image acquisition module, height sensor, IPC (Industrial Personal Computer). When starts to work, lens from ground collected images are saved in real time, operating status equipment is judged according groun...