As a consequence of large-scale volcanic outburst, the Laki eruption in 1783–1784, focus world turned suddenly towards Iceland, province Danish crown. The dynamic volcano Iceland had far-reaching consequences for outside as pollution was carried further by wind, causing dramatic changes weather conditions. temperature Europe fell 1.5 °C over two-year period. Icelanders endured extreme hardship ...

AS IN OTHER FIELDS OF POLITICS, MAJOR CHANGES IN THE JUSTICE SYSTEM tend to occur when there is not only a practical need and political support for change but also a theory or philosophy with which to justify new practices. The search for alternatives to the court system for dealing with young offenders is a good example. Practitioners and observers of the system for dealing with young offender...

Current theory-guided learning systems are innexible, in that they are committed to performing one particular class of theory corrections ; this is problematic because in some cases special-purpose theory-guided learning systems can dramatically outperform general-purpose ones. To address this problem , we describe a new system in which theory-guided learning is separated into two phases. The r...

This contribution aims at showing some of the advantages of taking a novel, broad and systemic view on constitutive rules based on a failure oriented analysis, relying on the notion of impasse. Basically, impasses can descend by two main kinds of causes: either a mismatch between rules (how things should be done) and facts (how things are actually done), or an internal contradiction among rules...

This article summarizes the current challenges faced by radiology educators. These are discussed under the headings of time available for education, financing education, what and how to teach, student evaluation, support infrastructure, and challenges to leadership.

Throughout its existence as a state, Israel has had to cope with intense terrorism in three arenas: within its territory, across the borders, and abroad. This problem has been a major political and psychological factor in Israel’s reality and the need to cope with it has forced the public and governments to deal with hard dilemmas. This article examines Israel’s conduct in the struggle against ...