Evidence suggests that the apple maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: Tephritidae) is undergoing sympatric speciation (i.e., divergence without geographic isolation) in the process of shifting and adapting to a new host plant. Prior to the introduction of cultivated apples (Malus pumila) in North America, R. pomonella infested the fruit of native hawthorns (Crataegus spp.). However, sometime ...

Transpiration from a hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna L.) dominated hedgerow in southern England was measured continuously over two growing seasons by the sap flow technique. Accompanying measurements of structural parameters, microclimate and leaf stomatal and boundary layer conductances were used to establish the driving factors of hedgerow transpiration. Observed transpiration rates, reaching pe...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS In the UK, the flowers of fruit-bearing hedgerow plants provide a succession of pollen and nectar for flower-visiting insects for much of the year. The fruits of hedgerow plants are a source of winter food for frugivorous birds on farmland. It is unclear whether recent declines in pollinator populations are likely to threaten fruit-set and hence food supply for birds. The pr...

l. Nutritional balances for calories, glucose, water, nitrogen, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+ have been estimated for free-flying cedar waxwings feeding on Washington hawthorn fruits. 2. Birds assimilate 39.9 calories/fruit ( = 20.0% of available calories) and a net loss of 155 mg of water/fruit. 3. Reducing sugars account for 74.5% of assimilated calories ( = 66.0% assimilation efhciency). 4. While ...

In times of worsening civilization diseases the interest in natural healing substances is on the increase. To reduce unwanted side effects of many synthetic drugs, it is reasonable to introduce to the daily diet foods rich in natural compounds of plant origin that are beneficial for health. The purpose of the study was to determine the biological activity and stability of selected ethanol extra...

This study investigated the influence of site conditions on physical and morphological properties hawthorn (Crataegus azarolus L.) wood grown in Zagros forests Iran. Hawthorn is a valuable woody species Iran’s with data deficiency its properties. To our best knowledge, there no wood. Twenty-seven mature trees were randomly chosen sampled at three altitude levels (1 800–2 000, 2 000–2 200, 200–2...

Introduction: Research on the Hawthorne Effect suggests that behavior changes dramatically when participants know they are being watched (Kidwai and Abujudeh 2015). However, it is unknown if the Hawthorne Effect affects neural responses as measured by event related potentials (ERPs). It is also not known whether the Hawthorn Effect affects incidental learning. We hypothesize that telling partic...

1 Department of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Noji-higashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577 JAPAN *[email protected] 2 Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nangang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan 3 Faculty of Science, Engineering and Technology, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia 4 Me...