background and objectives: informal payment in the health settings is a significant challenge facing the health system, with consequences such as inequity in access to healthcare services, distrust to health care system, and dissatisfied customers. detailed identification of the nature of the problem is perquisite to developing relevant overcoming strategies. given that, this study aimed at pro...

aim and background: appropriate and comprehensive response to problems and needs of mental health services requires to employ participatory approaches. therefore, this literature review study aimed to assess interprofessional collaboration as one of the beneficial methods of delivering mental health services. methods and materials: in this review study, data was collected by searching electroni...

the role of competition in healthcare is much debated. despite a wealth of international experience in relation to competition, evidence is mixed and contested and the debate about the potential role for competition is often polarised. this paper considers briefly some of the reasons for this, focusing on what is meant by “competition in healthcare” and why it is more valuable to think about th...

This paper investigates the role of self-perceived risky health in explaining continued reductions in financial risk taking after retirement. If future adverse health shocks threaten to increase the marginal utility of consumption, either by absorbing wealth or by changing the utility function, then health risk should prompt individuals to lower their exposure to financial risk. I examine indiv...

in this paper, asymmetric effects of exchange rate fluctuation (according to positive and negative shocks) on real output were investigated. in the meantime, the study of behaviour of real output growth in iran’s economy over the period 1338-1386 was done. in specification of the output growth equation, in spite of considering positive and negative shocks of exchange rate, the effects of other ...

Annotation. The aim of the work is to study content country's competitiveness in modern science and identify areas for its transformation under influence COVID-19. To achieve this goal, methods structural logical analysis, synthesis, generalization were used. result research establishment aspects perception COVID-19 pandemic: economic stability, cooperation social welfare. Determinants countrie...

N RECENT YEARS, several supply shocks —unusual shifts in production costs —have kept U.S. inflation low by putting downward pressure on prices for certain commodities, especially computers, health care and, until 1996, energy. 1 Because the sectors producing these goods and services are important to the Eleventh Federal Reserve District, these shocks have had an impact on its economy. After exa...

This paper analyses how spouses in older couples react to ‘shocks’ or ‘surprises’ in their partner’s labour income using data from the British Household Panel Survey, 1991–2004. Wives’ labour supply proves to be much more sensitive to shocks than husbands’. After a divorce or separation, wives reduce their labour supply while the effect on husbands’ labour supply is positive or not statisticall...

This paper studies reliability for multi-component systems subject to dependent competing risks of degradation wear and random shocks, with distinct shock sets. In practice, many systems are exposed to distinct and different types of shocks that can be categorized according to their sizes, function, affected components, etc. Previous research primarily focuses on simple systems with independent...