We have obtained near-infrared spectra of the four brightest known Centaurs and of Ðve irregular satellites of giant planets. Many of these objects show 1.5 and 2.0 km absorption bands indicative of water ice, including 1997 Pholus, Phoebe (S9), and Nereid (N2). The satellites of JupiterÈElara, 26 Himalia, and Pasaphae (J6, J7, J8)Èappear spectrally featureless, consistent with asteroidal origi...

We have searched for the J = 2–1 emission of carbon monoxide (CO) from the brightest peak in the epsilon Eridani ( Eri) dust disc – without success. The non-detection sets 3σ upper limits to the mass of CO gas in the dust peak of 3.3 × 1016 kg and to the total amount of (H2) gas in the disc of 8 × 1019 kg. The paucity of gas in the disc (there is ∼1000× more dust) constrains the composition of ...

According to the view that is relatively common in wider Christian culture, heaven and hell basically deserve compensation for kind of earthly life we lead. Good people go as a worthy reward virtuous life, bad just punishment an immoral life; way, scale justice sometimes considered balanced. But almost all theologians regard such view, however commonly it may be popular too simplistic unsampled...

“Green Hell” was the nickname frequently given to France’s largest overseas penal colony in French Guiana. This essay explores slow and difficult recognition of heritage France its...

maimonids distinguishes between the resurrection and the next world. he relate the resurrection of the dead to the messianic era and the immorality of the soul to the next world. maimonids tied immorality of the soul with intellectual development of soul in this world. he believes immorality of the soul belongs only to those who have enjoyed the blessing of intellect. therefore, his interpretat...

In what case do you like reading so much? What about the type of the on earth as it is in hell book? The needs to read? Well, everybody has their own reason why should read some books. Mostly, it will relate to their necessity to get knowledge from the book and want to read just to get entertainment. Novels, story book, and other entertaining books become so popular this day. Besides, the scien...

I n the July 2010 essay for this column's tenth anniversary, I explored how the computing profession might prosper institutionally, a topic central to this column and the IEEE Computer Society's planning. As a follow-up I wanted to look at where the profes-sion's technology might be made useful, reviewing some of the technical suggestions I've made here over the years. One idea was to echo my s...