background and objectives: human t-cell lymphotropic viruses (htlv) type 1 and 2 are retroviruses that share the same routes of transmission as human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). as a consequence of epidemiologic similarities, hiv and htlv-1/2 co-infection is frequent. due to the limited data, this study assessed the seroprevalence of htlv-1/2 infections in hiv infected patients in tehran, ira...

Identification of drug resistant mutations is important in the management of HIV-1 infected patients. The aim of the current study was to evaluate drug resistance profile of RT gene and assess subtype among HIV-1 circulating strains and intensification of physician’s options for the best therapy. HIV-1 RNA of 25 sampleswas extracted from plasma and RT Nested- PCR was performed and the fin...

HIV-1 targets the monocyte/macrophage lineage and CD4+ T cells for its replication. The efficiency of infection, replication, cell-to-cell spread differs between these cell types. These differences are caused by various factors such as viral tropism, proteins, host factors, proliferation. However, precise mechanisms how macrophages influence infection have not been fully elucidated. Macrophages...