Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PIs) are important components of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) that block the catalytic site of HIV protease, thus preventing maturation of the HIV virion. However, with two decades of PI prescriptions in clinical practice, drug-resistant HIV mutants have now been found for all of the PI drugs. Therefore, the continuous dev...

AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome), a result of human HIV (Human Immunodeficinency Virus) infection, is one of the most troublesome world's health problems. Extensive researches to find effective drugs for its treatment are running fast in huge capacities. IMOD (Immuno-Modulator Drug) is the name of an herbal drug that has modulatory effects of immune system. As a goal of this research,...

With the advent of anti-retroviral therapy, non-AIDS-related comorbidities have increased in people living with HIV. Among these comorbidities, pulmonary hypertension (PH) is one most common causes morbidity and mortality. Although chronic HIV-1 infection independently associated development arterial hypertension, PH HIV may also be outcome various co-morbidities commonly observed individuals i...

resistance of hiv to antiretroviral drugs is one of the most common causes for therapeutic failure in people infected with hiv. Sadly, the emergence of drug-resistant hiv variants is a common occurrence—even under the best of circumstances—given that no antiretroviral drug combination studied as of yet is completely effective in shutting down viral replication. And there is no shortage of data ...

88 patients with drug addition were evaluated for hbsag, hbeag, anti-hbc, anti hiv syphlisis and anti-toxoplasma antibodies. 48 of them were male and 40 were female. the range of their ages was between 19 to 49 years and their addiction time were between 6 month to 30 years. the results show that 5.6% of the patients have hbsag in their blood serum and 40.9% of them have anti-hbe antibodies. al...

BACKGROUND Drug use and in particular injecting drug use has been at the forefront of the explosive spread of HIV in general populations in many countries in Asia. There is concern that also in China increased HIV incidence in drug users might spark off a generalized epidemic in the wider population. Close monitoring of HIV incidence and risk factors in drug users is therefore important to be a...

BACKGROUND Access to antiretroviral therapy in Ghana has been scaled up across the country over the last decade. This study sought to determine the occurrence of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance in pregnant HIV-1 positive women yet to initiate antiretroviral therapy at selected HIV Care Centres in Ghana. METHODS Plasma specimens from twenty-six (26) HIV seropositive pregnant women who were l...