We analyzed RNA gene expression in neurons from 16 cases in four categories, HIV associated dementia with HIV encephalitis (HAD/HIVE), HAD alone, HIVE alone, and HIV-1-positive (HIV+)with neither HAD nor HIVE. We produced the neurons by laser capture microdissection (LCM) from cryopreserved globus pallidus. Of 55,000 gene fragments analyzed, expression of 197 genes was identified with significa...

Lithium (Li) has garnered considerable interest as a neuroprotective drug for a broad range of nervous system disorders. Its neuroprotective activities occur as a consequence of glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta) inhibition leading to downstream blockade of beta-catenin and Tau phosphorylation. In the present study, we investigated Li-mediated neuroprotective mechanisms in laboratory an...

The honey bee is a key pollinator species in decline worldwide. As part of a commercial operation, bee colonies are exposed to a variety of agricultural ecosystems throughout the year and a multitude of environmental variables that may affect the microbial balance of individuals and the hive. While many recent studies support the idea of a core microbiota in guts of younger in-hive bees, it is ...

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV)-associated dementia complex (ADC) is a neuroimmunological disorder fueled by viral replication in mononuclear phagocytes (MP) (brain macrophages and microglia). The elucidation of MP inflammatory factors involved in neurological dysfunction is pivotal for unraveling pathogenic mechanisms and in developing new therapies for this disease. Recent advan...

It takes all sorts to build a team, from creative problem solvers focused strategists and coordinators, collectively dwelling honeybees may also benefit the individual strengths of their nest mates. ‘Individuals with different abilities, some faster learn, others slower but more accurate, help group be efficient cope broad spectrum problems encountered in nature,’ says Martin Giurfa Université ...

Extract-Transform-Load (ETL) programs process data from sources into data warehouses (DWs). Due to the rapid growth of data volumes, there is an increasing demand for systems that can scale on demand. Recently, much attention has been given to MapReduce which is a framework for highly parallel handling of massive data sets in cloud environments. The MapReduce-based Hive has been proposed as a D...