Basal energy expenditure (BEE) was determined in 291 pregnant women, age 20-35 years, using Benedict Roth Metabolism Apparatus. A control study was undertaken in 38 non pregnant women during both follicular and luteal phases of menstrual cycle respectively. The mean +/- SD of BEE were found to be 34.04 +/- 3.05, 35.85 +/- 2.60 and 39.69 +/- 2.75 Kcal/m2/hr during first, second and third trimest...

For two consecutive years in Abbi, Delta State of Niger-Delta of Nigeria one, two and three beehives were integrated in oil palm plantation to determine optimum productivity of the oil-palm honey bee farming system. The fresh fruit bunch (economic yield) of the oil palm was statistically similar at 0, 1, 2 and 3 bee hive(s) per hectare. The honey yield were statistically similar for each bee hi...

objectives: royal jelly (rj), a secretion of both the hypopharyngeal and mandibular glands of nurse workers, is believed to play a central role in honeybee queen development. important component of royal jelly are proteins which form about 50% of the dry mass of rj. major royal jelly proteins (mrjps) are the dominant proteinaceous component of royal jelly and constitute about 82-90% of total pr...

In the United States, policy initiatives aimed at increasing sources of renewable energy are advancing bioenergy production, especially in the Midwest region, where agricultural landscapes dominate. While policy directives are focused on renewable fuel production, biodiversity and ecosystem services will be impacted by the land-use changes required to meet production targets. Using data from fi...

This study investigated possible growth-inhibiting effects of bee venom applied alone or in combination with a cytotoxic drug bleomycin on HeLa and V79 cells in vitro based on clone formation, cell counting, and apoptosis. Melittin, the key component of bee venom, is a potent inhibitor of calmodulin activity, and also a potent inhibitor cell growth and clonogenicity. Intracellular accumulation ...

Carniolan bee (Apis mellifera carnica) and C phylogenetic lineage of honeybees as a whole, is genetically poorly studied, therefore, the genetic structure of Carniolan bee population from Slovenia has been assessed by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA analyses. Honeybees were collected from 269 localities in Slovenia; bee samples from Greece, Czech Republic, Croatia, Germany and France were include...

Shimanuki, Hachiro, and David A. Knox. 2000. Diagnosis of Honey Bee Diseases. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook No. AH– 690, 61 pp. Apiary inspectors and beekeepers must be able to recognize bee diseases and parasites and to differentiate the serious diseases from the less important ones. This handbook describes laboratory techniques used to diagnose diseases and other abnorm...

In this paper an overview of the areas where the Bee Colony Optimization (BCO) and its variants are applied have been given. Bee System was identified by Sato and Hagiwara in 1997 and the Bee Colony Optimization (BCO) was identified by Lucic and Teodorovic in 2001. BCO has emerged as a specialized class of Swarm Intelligence with bees as agents. It is an emerging field for researchers in the fi...

Artificial Bee Colony (ABC) algorithm is a relatively new swarm intelligence algorithm which has shown a competitive performance with respect to other population-based algorithms. However, there are still some insufficiencies in ABC algorithm such as slow convergence and easily trapped in local optima. These drawbacks can be even more challenging when constraints are also involved. To address t...

Pollination of flowering plants is an important ecosystem service provided by wild insect pollinators and managed honey bees. Hence, losses and declines of pollinating insect species threaten human food security and are of major concern not only for apiculture or agriculture but for human society in general. Honey bee colony losses and bumblebee declines have attracted intensive research intere...