A morphometrics, morphological and molecular study revealed the presence of stunt nematode Tylenchorhynchus annulatus in rhizosphere soil paddy rice corn Central Java, Indonesia. Phylogenetic analysis placed Indonesian populations a clade with from China South Korea, separated USA. To our knowledge this is first report T.

Viroids are plant-pathogenic non-coding RNAs able to interfere with as yet poorly known host-regulatory pathways and to cause alterations recognized as diseases. The way in which these RNAs coerce the host to express symptoms remains to be totally deciphered. In recent years, diverse studies have proposed a close interplay between viroid-induced pathogenesis and RNA silencing, supporting the be...

Background and Aims: Viroids are smallest known plant pathogens and cause several economically significant diseases. Until recently, viroid detection relied mainly on biological tests and indexing. Today various diagnostic techniques such as nucleic acid hybridization, southern blot and reverse transcription coupled with polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) are being used for detection and diagno...

Eukaryotic organisms exposed to adverse conditions are required to show a certain degree of transcriptional plasticity in order to cope successfully with stress. Epigenetic regulation of the genome is a key regulatory mechanism allowing dynamic changes of the transcriptional status of the plant in response to stress. The Hop stunt viroid (HSVd) induces the demethylation of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) ...

The c o m p l e t e n u c l e o t i d e s e q u e n c e of a viro i d i s o l a t e d from c i t r u s ( C i t r u s m e d i c a L. U S D C S 6 0 1 3 ) , d e s i g n a t e d as ci t r u s isolate of hop s t u n t v i r o i d ( H S V d t ) ( 1 ) , was e s t a b l i s h e d . T he sin g l e s t r a n d e d c i r c u l a r m o l e c u l e s of c i t r u s v i r o i d RNA c o n s i s t s of 3 02 n ...

Corn stunt, a disease affecting corn (Zea mays L.) and teosinte (Euchlaenia mexicana L.), which causes an economically important disease in Latin American countries and occurs in several southern states of the United States, was reported for the first time in 1945.1 It has been generally accepted that the disease is caused by a virus. This assumption was based on circumstantial evidence. Plant ...

introduction: the aim of this study was to explore the relationship between genu varum abnormality and the performance and strength of lower extremity in teenage footballers. materials and methods: 60 young male football players with the mean age of 15.2± 0.78 yr, mean weight of 58.9 ± 3.39 kg and mean height of 166.6.21 cm participated in this study. kendall’s method and plumb line were used t...

BACKGROUND Viroids are circular, highly structured, non-protein-coding RNAs that, usurping cellular enzymes and escaping host defense mechanisms, are able to replicate and move through infected plants. Similarly to viruses, viroid infections are associated with the accumulation of viroid-derived 21-24 nt small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) with the typical features of the small interfering RNAs characteristi...

Over the past years deep sequencing experiments have opened novel doors to reconstruct viral populations in a high-throughput and cost-effective manner. Currently a substantial number of studies have been performed which employ next generation sequencing techniques to either analyze known viruses by means of a reference-guided approach or to discover novel viruses using a de novo-based strategy...