Unlike horizontal crawling, vertical crawling involves two counteracting forces: torque rotating the body around its center of mass and gravity resisting forward movement. The influence of these forces on kinematics has been examined in the soft-bodied larval stage of Manduca sexta. We found that crawling and climbing are accomplished using the same movements, with both segment timing and prole...

In this paper we present an algebraic approach to statecharts as they are used in the Statemate tool in the style of "Petri-Nets are Monoids" for place-transition nets developed by Meseguer and Montanari. We apply the framework of high-level-replacement systems, a categorical generalization of graph transformation systems, in order to deene union as horizontal as well as transformation and reen...

While research on the spatial representation of number has provided substantial evidence for a horizontally oriented mental number line, recent studies suggest vertical organization as well. Directly comparing the relative strength of horizontal and vertical organization, however, we found no evidence of spontaneous vertical orientation (upward or downward), and horizontal trumped vertical when...

The Orbit Response Matrix (ORM) method was applied to model the GSI heavy ion synchrotron SIS18. Using the horizontal and vertical closed orbit (CO) data we are able to calibrate 18 steerers (6 horizontal and 12 vertical), 24 BPMs (12 horizontal and 12 vertical) and 24 quadrupole gradients (12 horizontal and 12 vertical). We present the results of several measurements done in February-April 200...

To operate in civil airspace, unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are expected to maintain safe separation from other aircraft. Self-separation and Collision Avoidance Systems (CAS) designed for unmanned aircraft are under development to meet this requirement. To maintain airspace safety, these systems must interoperate safely with CAS onboard manned aircraft. Whereas manned aircraft CAS such as TC...

A well-studied problem in the literature on airline revenue (or yield) management is the optimal allocation of seat inventory among fare classes given a demand distribution for each class. In practice, the seat allocation decisions of one airline affect the passenger demands for seats on other airlines. In this paper we examine the seat inventory control problem under both horizontal competitio...

A huge variety of Arthropod species is infected with endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria that manipulate their host's reproduction to invade populations. In addition to vertical transmission from mother to offspring through the egg cytoplasm, it has been demonstrated through phylogenetic analyses and natural transfer experiments that horizontal transmission of Wolbachia (i.e. contagion) can occur ...

11 With technical advances in wildlife telemetry, the study of cryptic predators’ responses to prey 12 distribution has been revolutionised. Considering marine predators, high resolution tagging 13 devices were developed lately to collect long and precise diving datasets. In this study, we 14 investigated, at fine temporal and spatial scales, changes in the horizontal movements and 15 diving pa...

We have synthesized epitaxial Au, Pd, and AuPd nanowire arrays in vertical or horizontal alignment on a c-cut sapphire substrate. We show that the vertical and horizontal nanowire arrays grow from half-octahedral seeds by the correlations of the geometry and orientation of seed crystals with those of as-grown nanowires. The alignment of nanowires can be steered by changing the atom flux. At low...