Predicting future risks of damage by insect pests is an important aspect of forest management. Climate change has the potential to affect forest pests and their impact on trees through higher temperatures, altered precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. Warmer temperatures are likely to have complex effects on insects, influencing, among other things, development rate ...

Aphids are serious pests in crop plants. In an effort to identify plant genes controlling resistance against aphids, we have here studied a protease inhibitor, CI2c in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The CI2c gene was earlier shown to be upregulated by herbivory of the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) in barley genotypes with moderate resistance against this aphid, but not in suscepti...

Reduced soil fertility and rising pest disease pressures are contributing to the already serious problem of global food insecurity. Monoculture is most labour resource-intensive form crop production around globe. Unfortunately, monocultures more vulnerable pests, diseases, weeds, so expansion this system accompanied by a host biological issues. Negative effects on environment, human health, eco...

control of insect pests of agriculture, economic, and medical importance usually focuses on the use of insecticides. the susceptibility levels of eleven strains of german cockroaches, blattella germanica (l.), were compared with a standard susceptible strain against permethrin and fipronil. the strains were collected from nine infested students’ dormitories and two infested hospitals in tehran,...

reported here are two cases of delayed postsurgical brucella abscess within the cranium, treated successfully by reoperation and appropriate medical therapy. both patients had an occupational exposure to the pathogenic organism. systemic symptoms of brucellosis became manifest postoperatively in case i and were present in case ii long before operation. the diagnosis was confirmed by serology an...

Transgenic crops producing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins kill some key insect pests and thus can reduce reliance on insecticides. Widespread planting of such Bt crops increased concerns that their usefulness would be cut short by rapid evolution of resistance to Bt toxins by pests. Pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella) is a major pest that has experienced intense selection for resistanc...

Plants produce a wide range of allelochemicals to defend against herbivore attack, and generalist herbivores have evolved mechanisms to avoid, sequester, or detoxify a broad spectrum of natural defense compounds. Successful arthropod pests have also developed resistance to diverse classes of pesticides and this adaptation is of critical importance to agriculture. To test whether mechanisms to o...

Evolution of resistance by pests is the main threat to long-term insect control by transgenic crops that produce Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins. Because inheritance of resistance to the Bt toxins in transgenic crops is typically recessive, DNA-based screening for resistance alleles in heterozygotes is potentially much more efficient than detection of resistant homozygotes with bioassays. Su...