opium use is one of the most common forms of substance abuse in iran and there are some evidence indicating it is a risk factor of transitional cell carcinoma (tcc) of the urinary bladder. the majority of opium users are also cigarette smokers, so consideration of the high prevalence of smoking which is the most important risk factor of tcc of the urinary bladder among opium users is essential ...

conclusions present study showed that the prevalence of smoking in men is very high in this region of iran. therefore to prevent the problem it is necessary that educational and research centres and health providers make suitable policies and strategies . results mean (standard error) age of starting to smoke was 20.21 (0.6) years and females had started smoking 4 years later (p = 0.01). during...

conclusions although the prevalence of regular smokers among health professions students of mums was lower than general populations, but this level is still alarming and points at the rapid growth of cigarette use, especially among female students. medical schools should work harder to tackle this phenomenon and address it more efficiently in their curricula. results among the students, 18.3% r...

introduction: cigarette smoking is a risk factor for progression of periodontitis, which effects on the incidence, extent and severity of the periodontal disease and no other known factors can be harmful as much as smoking to the periodontal tissues. the purpose of this study was to determine clinical and histopathological effects of smoking on free gingiva in smokers and non-smokers with chron...

the objectives of this work were to study the association of maternal smoking habits with stillbirths, abortions, neonatal deaths, birth weights, placental weights and the outcomes on the 28(th) day of life.a questionnaire was developed and completed with the hospitals' recorded data collected over a period of 5 years from 47,000 babies born in several hospitals in ontario, canada. the mothers ...

introduction: the framework convention tobacco control (fctc) is designed by world health organization (who), in response to the globalization of the tobacco epidemic, in 2003. all treaty signatories including iran adopted to perform it during 3 years. this study was performed to design a model for evaluation of the implementation of this treaty in iran. methods: this study was a qualitative st...

background: recognition of the predisposing factors of bladder cancer is very important and provides possible prevention measures. the aim of this study was to investigate the types, distribution of bladder tumors and their relationship with opium consumption and smoking in patients who referred to shahid beheshti hospital, babol, iran. methods: in this case-control study, all patients diagnose...

hot flash is among the most common complaints of menopausal women, affecting their career, social activities and quality of life. this study aimed to investigate the effects of valerian on hot flashes in menopausal women. in this double blind clinical trial, 68 menopausal women with the chief complaint of hot flash were enrolled using sampling at hand and were randomly divided into drug and pla...

mahallat hot springs located in the northeast of mahallat, in central iran. there are 6 main hot springs namely shafa, abejoush, donbeh, soleimanie, hakim and soda. in this research, geology, physico-chemical characteristics and petrography of basement rocks of these hot springs have been investigated. the results show that hot springs have an average temperature of 45°c and acidic to neutral p...