Aim: To calculate total cost incurred by patients for Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) management and evaluate their financial resources. Financial details regarding MDR-TB management were collected from 30 patients. Average daily drugs cost was Rs. 166.83. Average family monthly income was Rs. 8333.33. Average Per Capita Income was Rs. 1473.67. Financial help for treatment was provid...

The battle between a belief in creationism by some religious groups and Darwinian evolution appears endemic in parts of the US, but in the UK it is a relatively new phenomenon: the home of Darwin has proved more broadly receptive of his ideas over many years. But the new challenges are prompting scientists in Britain to champion Darwinism afresh — The Royal Society held a recent high-profile pu...

BACKGROUND Mass drug administration (MDA) is part of the current trachoma control strategy, but it can be costly and results in many uninfected individuals receiving treatment. Here we explore whether alternative, targeted approaches are effective antibiotic-sparing strategies. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We analysed data on the prevalence of ocular infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and...

one of the fundamental principles of jurisprudential deduction is wisdom. if islamic command are not found in holy book and traditions, or there is no consensus, religious perception can be inferred through wisdom. wisdom is like an inner prophet. in the era of occultation a jurist or a religious leader can render an appropriate sentence (verdict) on the basis of collective and individual crite...

BACKGROUND Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is a common immune-mediated complication of lepromatous (LL) and borderline lepromatous (BL) leprosy. Most patients experience chronic or multiple acute ENL over many years during an economically active period of their lives. Understanding the economic burden of ENL is essential to provide effective patient support, yet this area has not been investiga...

Background: Simplified and reliable tools for individual and household diet quality assessment have been found helpful to reduce cost of the dietary survey. The main objective of this study was to determine the household’s diet profile in the Centre-West Region of Burkina Faso. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on household food consumption using the last seven days recall. Food co...

The papers in this issue arose from a conference on the Psychological and Cognitive Foundations of Religiosity that took place at Emory University (Atlanta, Georgia) in August, 2003. 1 This conference brought together scholars from ten nations and six disciplines (psychology, anthropology, religious studies, biology, philosophy, and cognitive science) to explore new developments at the interfac...

BACKGROUND Evidence on whether healthy diets are more expensive than current diets is mixed due to lack of robust methodology. The aim of this study was to develop a novel methodology to model the cost differential between healthy and current diets and apply it in New Zealand. METHODS Prices of common foods were collected from 15 supermarkets, 15 fruit/vegetable stores and from the Food Price...

OBJECTIVES To estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness of a large-scale urban hygiene promotion programme in terms of reducing the incidence of childhood diarrhoeal disease in Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. METHODS Total and incremental costs of the programme were estimated retrospectively from the perspectives of the provider, from the households who change their behaviour as a result of t...