in the urine of a patient with chronic prostatitis, renal microlithiasis and acute cystitis we found the ciliate protozoa colpoda spp . , both in vegetative and cystic form. the entry point was most likely the urinary tract. keeping in mind that only four more cases of colpoda spp . existent in human urine have already been described, and that in the case of our patient the ciliate was present ...

The effect of hydrophobic extracts of human and rat urine on in-vitro P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function was examined, in terms of intra-, inter-individual variations, and physiological states. Six urine samples out of 7, obtained from one male subject on different days, suppressed P-gp function with different potencies. Similarly, 11 samples out of 15 different individuals (8 males and 7 females) ...