Frequently, procedures for synthesizing or deblocking amino acids employ strong acids, which must usually be removed for subsequent steps. Blomquist et al. ( 1) discussed shortcomings in available methods and developed a new procedure for recovery of amino acids from their hydrohalide salts by neutralization with triethylamine and crystallization of the free amino acids. Recoveries were in the ...

We have previously reported that relatively hydrophobic bile acids, decreased hepatic 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (reductase) activity whereas, hydrophilic bile acids had little effect on the enzyme. The purpose of the present study was to determine in more detail the mechanism of down-regulation of hepatic reductase activity by hydrophobic bile salts. Groups of rats were fe...

The interactions of actinomycin D (ActD) anticancer drug with two bile salts different hydrophobicity (sodium cholate (NaC) and sodium deoxycolate (NaDC) the influence these aggregates on ActD?DNA complex was investigated in 10 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) by UV?Vis spectroscopy (absorption thermal denaturation). binding strength ActD to NaDC is higher than for NaC, this difference attests stro...

Candida albicans is a dimorphic fungus that colonizes human mucosal surfaces with the potential to cause life-threatening invasive candidiasis. Studies on systemic candidiasis in a murine infection model using in vivo real-time bioluminescence imaging revealed persistence of C. albicans in the gall bladder under antifungal therapy. Preliminary analyses showed that bile conferred resistance agai...

Trends in the chlorine chemical shift (CS) tensors of amino acid hydrochlorides are investigated in the context of new data obtained at 21.1 T and extensive quantum chemical calculations. The analysis of chlorine-35/37 NMR spectra of solid L-tryptophan hydrochloride obtained at two magnetic field strengths yields the chlorine electric field gradient (EFG) and CS tensors, and their relative orie...

Bile salt aggregates are promising candidates for drug delivery vehicles due to their unique fat-solubilizing ability. However, the toxicity of bile salts increases with improving fat-solubilizing capability and so an optimal combination of efficient solubilization and low toxicity is necessary. To improve hydrophilicity (and decrease toxicity), we substituted hydroxyl groups of several natural...

Due to its ubiquitous nature, albumin is found in significant amounts in almost all human, or mammal, tissues. As such it is responsible for the complex phenomena associated to the formation of human bile, both hepatic and colecystic ones. In such tissues the composition and the overall amount of albumin and bile acid salts is dictated by certain rules. Most bile acid salts occurring in the hum...

Investigation of factors that modulate amyloid formation of proteins is important to understand and mitigate amyloid-related diseases. To understand the role of electrostatic interactions and the effect of ionic cosolutes, especially anions, on amyloid formation, we have investigated the effect of salts such as NaCl, NaI, NaClO(4), and Na(2)SO(4) on the amyloid fibril growth of beta(2)-microglo...

The interactions with bile salts of carboxylester lipases (EC 3.1.1.13) from human pancreatic juice and pig pancreas were characterized by physical methods. Bile salts cause a decrease in the fluorescence intensity of the proteins at the emission maximum of 333-335 nm. The concentration dependence of this decrease shows saturation behavior, is relatively nonspecific with respect to bile salt co...