A finite element simulation of stress evolution in thin metal film during electromigration is reported in this paper. The electromigration process is modeled by a coupled diffusionmechanical partial differential equations (PDEs). The PDEs are implemented with a plane strain formulation and numerically solved with the finite element (FE) method. The evolutions of hydrostatic stress, each compone...

where A, B are arbitrary real constants, and a is an arbitrary complex number. It is readily confirmed by direct computation that the constants A, B, and a give rise to an arbitrary, uniform hydrostatic stress-field in the image domain R*. The constant k, on the other hand, affects merely the scale of the image stress-distribution. We may therefore put A = B = a = Q, k = 1. This completes the p...

Abstract This study aims to describe a toughened adhesive’s ratcheting–recovery behavior under reversed cyclic load using viscoelastic–viscoplastic model. As most adhesives are based on synthetic polymers, their tensile and compression response can be different. A series of load–Sunload tests were conducted bulk bonded joints involving tension/compression–shear loads characterize the initial yi...

In this paper, we justify the limit from Navier–Stokes system in a thin domain to hydrostatic Navier–Stokes/Prandtl for convex initial data with Gevrey 9/8 regularity x.

The giant axons in Mercierella are overlaid by narrow glial processes which provide an incomplete covering of the axonal surface. Where more complete covering occurs the intercellular clefts are not sealed by tight junctional complexes. Ionic lanthanum penetrates to the surfaces of axons from sea-water-adapted animals (in normal saline and during initial exposure to hyposmotic saline) and, also...

The three–dimensional incompressible viscous Boussinesq equations, under the assumption of hydrostatic balance, govern the large scale dynamics of atmospheric and oceanic motion, and are commonly called the primitive equations. To overcome the turbulence mixing a partial vertical diffusion is usually added to the temperature advection (or density stratification) equation. In this paper we prove...

Background: The advances in cytogenetic techniques during the last few years have permitted not only the study of large populations of wild and domestic animals, but also the detection of chromosome anomalies in embryos. Chromosomal abnormalities are the most common cause of embryonic and fetal mortality in mammals. Most reports of chromosome anomalies in parthenogenetic embryos describe numeri...

PURPOSE The response of cells (e.g., optic nerve head [ONH] cells) to mechanical stress is important in glaucoma. Studies have reported the biological effects of hydrostatic pressure on ONH cells cultured on a rigid substrate. An apparatus, designed to independently vary hydrostatic pressure and gas tension (including oxygen tension) in culture medium, was used to evaluate the effects of pressu...