The formation of the face and stomatognathic system is complex in nature involves development multiple tissue processes that must unite fuse an extremely orderly manner. Disorders growth these or their fusions can result facial changes. temporomandibular joint one most human body, with condylar process responsible for expression mandibular growth. Condylar hypoplasia characterized by a defectiv...

Vertebral artery hypoplasia is not currently considered an independent risk factor for stroke. Emerging evidence suggest that vertebral artery hypoplasia may contribute to posterior circulation ischemic events, especially when other risk factors coexist. In the present literature review, we present published data to discuss the relationship between a hypoplastic vertebral artery and posterior c...

BACKGROUND Spasmus nutans and congenital ocular motor apraxia share clinical characteristics. However, their development in a patient with cerebellar vermian hypoplasia has not been previously described. OBJECTIVE To report spasmus nutans and congenital ocular motor apraxia in a child with cerebellar vermian hypoplasia. DESIGN Case report. SETTING Tertiary-care hospital. Patient A 7-year-...