cirrhosis is characterized by marked abnormalities in the cardiovascular system. a hyperdynamic splanchnic and systemic circulation is typical of cirrhotic patients and has been observed in all experimental forms of portal hypertension. the hyperdynamic circulation is most likely initiated by arterial vasodilatation, leading to central hypovolemia, sodium retention, and an increased intravascul...

While I was on my recent pediatrics rotation at medical school, I must have seen about 20 children present to the emergency department with the manifestations of dehydration owing to acute diarrhea. In line with World Health Organization guidelines, these children’s dehydration status was categorized into three grades: none, mild, and severe, corresponding to dehydration 3%, between 3% and 8%, ...