biosecurity in the production of broiler chickens is very important but it is hard or even impossible to maintain; hence, promotion of immune responses could control diseases in chickens. at present study, the effect of six levels of oil-extracted propolis (0, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg ration) on immune system against newcastle virus was studied using a completely randomized design with 3...

increasing the concentration of ammonia in water can cause fish death. this study was conducted to compare the performance of conditioned activated carbon and zeolite in ammonia (tan = total ammonia nitrogen) removal in a simulated transport of rainbow trout fry in 40-liter plastic bags. hence, responses of zeolite and conditioned activated carbon in ammonia (tan) removal at different concentra...

stromal derived factor-a (sdf-1-a) is a cxc chemokine which has been demonstrated as a recruitment factor for leukocytes to the site of inflammation, infection, injury and following stress. this chemokine has been shown to be expressed by liver cells and in liver diseases. hence, the aim of this study was to examine the expression of sdf-1 by hepatocytes in responses to the stress imposed durin...

The influence of malnutrition upon susceptibility to infection has been well-documented in man (I, 2). Hence increased morbidity and mortality observed in malnourished populations can be explained, at least in part, by the detrimental effects of malnutrition on various aspects of the humoral (3, 4), cell-mediated (5, 6), and secretory (7, 8) immune responses. These effects have been most clearl...

CD69 is highly expressed by lymphocytes at mucosal surfaces. We aimed to investigate the role of CD69 in mucosal immune responses. The expression of CD69 by CD4 T cells isolated from the spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, small intestinal lamina propria, and colonic lamina propria was determined in specific pathogen-free B6 and TCR transgenic animals, as well as in germ-free B6 mice. Transfer coli...

Previous results have suggested that orexins causes a rise of intracellular free calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) in cultured rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, implicating a role in nociception, but the underlying mechanism is unknown. Hence, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether the orexins-mediated signaling involves the PKC pathways in these sensory neurons. Cultured DRG neurons...

Hantaviruses primarily infect human endothelial cells (ECs) and cause two highly lethal human diseases. Early addition of Type I interferon (IFN) to ECs blocks hantavirus replication and thus for hantaviruses to be pathogenic they need to prevent early interferon induction. PHV replication is blocked in human ECs, but not inhibited in IFN deficient VeroE6 cells and consistent with this, infecti...