It is shown that the assumption of NP having polynomial size circuits implies apart from a collapse of the polynomial time hierarchy as shown by Karp and Lip ton that the classes AM and MA of Babai s Arthur Merlin hierarchy coincide This means that also a certain inner collapse of the remaining classes of the polynomial time hierarchy occurs It is well known KL that the assumption of NP having ...

A lthough the relationship between goals and behavior is substantial (Webb & Sheeran, 2006), even very motivated individuals at times fai! to act on their goals. In this chapter, we discuss the role of plans in linking goals with actual behavior. We focus specifically on a certain type of plan, an if-then plan known as an implementation intention, and review its place in the course of goal stri...

Children with ADHD encounter multiple academic and interpersonal problems presumably due to insuf!cient executive functions. In two studies we measured executive functions (i.e., shifting, resistance to distraction) and assessed whether children with ADHD can empower these functions by forming implementation intentions (i.e., if-then plans; Gollwitzer, 1999). Children with ADHD made fewer perse...

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a skin tumor of neuroendocrine origin with a mortality of 33%, the highest of any cutaneous malignancy. Within the United States the estimated annual incidence is increasing and is estimated at 0.44 per 100,000 persons, resulting in roughly 1,000 new cases per year [1]. Several factors may be contributing to this trend, including changes in the major risk factors ...