Three hypotheses have been proposed to explain the functional relationship between seed mass and seedling performance: the reserve effect (larger seeds retain a larger proportion of reserves after germinating), the metabolic effect (seedlings from larger seeds have slower relative growth rates), and the seedling-size effect (larger seeds produce larger seedlings). We tested these hypotheses by ...

To advance understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the coexistence of Mediterranean oak species, we conducted a year-long analysis of the production, architecture, and mycorrhization status of the fine roots of a mixed evergreen (Quercus ilex) and winter deciduous (Quercus faginea) oak stand. We used the ingrowth bag technique to sample the fine roots produced by each species in spring, su...

We study the existence of minimizers for a constrained variational problems in H(R). These minimizers are stable waves solutions for the Generalized Camassa-Holm equation, and their derivative may have a singularity (in which case the travelling wave is called a peakon). The existence result is based on a method developed by the same author in a previous work. By giving examples, we show how ou...

A map is presented that associates with each element of a loop group a solution of an equation related by a simple change of coordinates to the Camassa–Holm (CH) Equation. Certain simple automorphisms of the loop group give rise to Bäcklund transformations of the equation. These are used to find 2-soliton solutions of the CH equation, as well as some novel singular solutions.

Reversed-phase preparative HPLC analysis of the methanol extract of the seeds of Ilex aquifolium afforded two antioxidant phenylacetic acid derivatives, 2,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (1) and 2,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid methyl ester (2). The structures were determined by spectroscopic methods. In the DPPH assay for antioxidant activity, the IC(50) values of 1 and 2 were 1.50 x 10(-3) and 2.5...

Nitrogen (N) deposition is a key driver of global change with significant effects on carbon (C) cycling, species fitness, and diversity; however, its Mediterranean ecosystems are unclear. Here, we simulated N in an N-fertilization experiment 15N-labeled fertilizer montane evergreen holm oak forest, central Catalonia, to quantify short-term impacts leaf, leaf litter elemental composition, resorp...

We investigate the nonhomogeneous initial boundary value problem for the Camassa-Holm equation on an interval. We provide a local in time existence theorem and a weak strong uniqueness result. Next we establish a result on the global asymptotic stabilization problem by means of a boundary feedback law.

This experiment examined how the characteristics of homophones and their mates influence homophone effects, as a function of task demands. Two types of homophones were presented: 1) low-frequency homophones with higher-frequency mates that are not animal names (e.g., maid--made), and 2) low-frequency homophones with mates that are, on average, of equivalent frequency and are animal names (e.g.,...

Relative pollen productivity (RPP) is a key parameter for quantitative reconstruction of past vegetation cover. However, RPP estimates are rarely obtained in the subtropical and tropical regions. In this study, extended R-value (ERV) model was used to estimate major plant taxa evergreen broadleaved mixed forests middle China based on soil samples data from 23 sites. The best result with combina...

A major unknown in the context of current climate change is the extent to which populations of slowly migrating species, such as trees, will track shifting climates. Niche modelling generally predicts substantial northward shifts of suitable habitats. There is therefore an urgent need for field-based forest observations to corroborate these extensive model simulations. We used forest inventory ...