In the U.S. media, unauthorized immigrants are often interchangeably referred to as "illegal aliens," "illegal immigrants," and undocumented immigrants." In spite of formal equivalence, these terms carry different connotations, but the effects of these labels on people's attitudes toward immigrants are not well documented. In this replication study, 274 undergraduate students in psychology resp...

Caporalato is a widespread system of illegal recruitment and exploitation of underpaid farm labor run by Italian agrimafias. Most of this labor consists of irregular migrants vulnerable to exploitation due to their illegal status and the need of documents. In the 2011 migration wave over 64,000 migrants illegally landed on southern Italian coasts, and many of them may have supplied illegal work...

TPG for synchronous sequential circuits has received wide attention over the last two decades, yet unlike for (full-scan) combinational circuits, for many sequential benchmark circuits 100% fault efficiency still cannot be reached. This illustrates the complexity of sequential circuit ATPG. The huge search space, which exists during sequential circuit TPG, is the main reason for this complexity...

Legal and illegal immigrants are concentrated in U.S. border states. This paper asks to what extent geographic clustering is attributable to differences in state-provided public aid. California has been shown to have a disproportionate number of legal immigrant welfare users, but little evidence exists concerning illegal persons. Illegal immigrants may collect welfare benefits on behalf of lega...

This paper addresses the problem of design rule correct routing, i.e. the avoidance of illegal wiring patterns during routing. These illegal wiring patterns are due to the set of design rules accompanying each specific technology. To avoid software tuning for different technologies, the routing space is modelled as a grid graph, and all design rules are described in terms of the grid graph, inc...

BACKGROUND Illegal drug use has long been a global concern. Taiwan and Korea are geographically adjacent and both countries have experienced the illegal use problems of methamphetamine, a predominant prototype of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS). NPS, a term coined by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) in recent years, have not been scrutinized for their safety and may become...

2 The U.S.–Mexico border is experiencing an era of unparalleled trade and exchange. But at a time when legal flows of goods and people are at historical highs, so are illegal cross-border flows of undocumented migrants. Illegal immigration from Mexico became more common in the late 1960s, following the end of the Bracero Program in 1964. The Bracero Program allowed Mexican guest workers to work...

In Japan, it is illegal to sell pharmaceuticals on Internet auction sites, although a considerable number of pharmaceuticals are listed on such sites. We investigated the current situation regarding the illegal trade in pharmaceuticals on Japanese Internet auction sites and the responses of site administrators to such transactions. We searched for pharmaceuticals and "gray" items that were susp...

Parking spaces play a vital role in the transportation system. Parking policies ensure the efficient of the transportation system and the management of traffic demand. Illegal parking practice can hamper sustainability of transportation system. This paper attempts to analyze the illegal parking behavior in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. Car parking in the city of Jeddah is largely uncontrolled and ...

Listeners often categorize phonotactically illegal sequences (e.g., /dla/ in English) as phonemically similar legal ones (e.g., /gla/). In an earlier investigation of such an effect in Japanese, Dehaene-Lambertz, Dupoux, and Gout (2000) did not observe a mismatch negativity in response to deviant, illegal sequences, and therefore argued that phonotactics constrain early perceptual processing. I...